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Anatomy&Physiology 2 > digestive study guide > Flashcards

digestive study guide Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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2
Q

accessory organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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3
Q

ingestion

A

the process of taking food into the body through the mouth

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4
Q

propulsion

A

swallowing and peristalsis- the waves of contraction and relaxation in the walls of the organs

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5
Q

mechanical digestion

A

chewing, mixing, and churning food with saliva and in the stomach

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6
Q

chemical digestion

A

catabolic breakdown of food by hydrolases

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7
Q

absorption

A

movement of nutrients from the GI to the blood or lymph

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8
Q

defecation

A

elimination of ingestible solid wastes

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9
Q

enteric nervous system

A

the in house nerve supply of the alimentary canal that is linked to the autonomic nervous system the neurons communicate with eachother to regulate the peristalsis and segmentation

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10
Q

enteric nervous system cont. the parasympathetic nervous system activates

A

digestive activities and the sympathetic nervous system inhibits them

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11
Q

splanchnic circulation

A

arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta, and the hepatic portal circulation that delivers nutrient rich venous blood to the liver

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12
Q

the celiac trunk serves

A

spleen, stomach, liver

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13
Q

the mesenteric arteries serves

A

small intestine and large intestine

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14
Q

digestion

A

disassembly GI tract that allows nutrients to become more available to the body with each step

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15
Q

digestion in the mouth

A

mechanical: chewing chemical: salivary amylase

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16
Q

digestion in the esophagus

A

mechanical

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17
Q

digestion in the stomach

A

chemical: HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, gastrin, CCK, somatostatin mechanical: smooth muscle for churning

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18
Q

digestion in the SI

A

chemical: alkaline mucus, pancreatic amylase, maltase, sucrose, lactase, trypsin, chemotrypsin, carboxypeptidase mechanical: segmentation

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19
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity visceral: covers the external surface of most digestive organs parietal: lines the body wall mesentery: double layer of peritoneum that provides vascular and nerve supply to the viscera, holds digestive organs in place, and stores fat

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20
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

lubricates digestive organs and allows them to slide across one another

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21
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

organs outside the peritoneum

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22
Q

peritoneal organs

A

intraperitoneal organs surrounded in peritoneum

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23
Q

bolus

A

food that has been chewed and moistened with saliva the product of the mouth from the esophagus to the stomach

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24
Q

chyme

A

food that has been chemically and mechanically digested in the stomach to small intestine

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25
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of contraction and relaxation from the smooth muscle in the organ walls

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26
Q

how peristalsis works

A
  1. circular muscles above the bolus contract constricting the wall of the esophagus and squeezing the bolus downwards 2. longitudinal muscles below the bolus contract to shorten the section of esophagus below the bolus and push walls outward
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27
Q

segmentation

A

rhythmic local contractions of the SI

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28
Q

layers in the walls of the digestive organs

A

mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa

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29
Q

mucosa

A

moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal functions in secretion of mucus, absorption of digestive end products and protection against effective diseases

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30
Q

epithelial lining of the mucosa

A

simple columnar epi and mucus secreting goblet cells protects digestive organs from digesting themselves and eases food along the tract has enzyme secreting cells and hormone secreting cells

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31
Q

lamina propria of the mucoa layer

A

loose areolar and reticular CT nourishes the epi and absorbs nutrients contains lymph nodes MALT that is important in defense against bacteria

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32
Q

muscularis mucosa of the mucosa layer

A

smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa

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33
Q

submucosa

A

dense CT containing elastic fibers, blood, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves enables the stomach to return to its normal shape after being stretched

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34
Q

muscularis externa

A

responsible for segmentation and peristalsis involuntary contractions forms sphincters that act as valves to control food passage from organ to organ

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35
Q

serosa

A

protective visceral peritoneum replaced by fibrous adventitia in the esophagus retroperitoneal organs have both adventitia and serosa

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36
Q

mouth

A

opens via the oral orifice anteriorly and is bound by lips cheeks palate and tongue. opens posteriorly to the oropharynx

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37
Q

features of the mouth

A

stratified squamous epithelium that can be slightly keratinized only structure where food is ingested digestion of carbs starts here

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38
Q

lips

A

fleshy folds around the opening of the mouth covered by skin on the outside and mucous membrane on the inside

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39
Q

cheeks

A

keeps food between the teeth and assist in speech

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40
Q

hard palate

A

underlain by palatine bones and palatine process of the maxillae to assist the tongue in chewing

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41
Q

soft palate

A

mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing

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42
Q

uvula

A

projects downward from its free edge and prevents entry of food into the nasal cavity

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43
Q

tongue

A

skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane that occupies the floor of the mouth and fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed functions in gripping and repositioning and mixing of food, and initiation of swallowing and speech secured by the lingual frenulum

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44
Q

filiform papillae

A

give tongue its roughness and provide friction

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45
Q

fungiform papillae

A

scattered widely over the tongue and give it a reddish hue

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46
Q

curcumvallate papillae

A

v shaped row at the back of the tongue

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47
Q

sulcus teminalis of the tongue

A

groove that separates the tongue into two areas the anterior 2/3 in the oral cavity and the posterior third in the oropharynx

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48
Q

functions of the salivary glands

A

-cleanse the mouth, moisten and dissolve food chemicals, aid in bolus formation, and contain enzymes to break down starch

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49
Q

features of the salivary glands

A

extrinsic glands- (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual) larger glands that secrete saliva when you eat, drink, or think about it intrinsic glands (buccal glands) scattered throughout the oral mucosa to keep the mouth moist

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50
Q

secretion of salivary glands

A

saliva from serous and mucous cells 97-99.5% water, electrolytes, proteins (mucin, lysozyme, defensins, IgA), metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid) and enzymes ph 6.75-7

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51
Q

enzyme of the salivary gland

A

salivary amylase breaks down starch to maltose

52
Q

hormones secreted by salivary gland

A

N/A

53
Q

features of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium oro/laryngopharynx: stratified squamous epithelium that takes food and fluid to the esophagus and air to the trachea

54
Q

secretion of the pharynx

A

mucus

55
Q

pharynx enzymes

A

N/A

56
Q

hormones of the pharynx

A

N/A

57
Q

features of the esophagus

A

no serosa but fibrous CT and stratified squamous epithelium muscularis externa made up of skeletal and smooth muscle takes bolus to the stomach by going through the mediastinum and diaphragm

58
Q

esophagus secretions

A

mucus

59
Q

esophagus enzymes

A

N/A

60
Q

esophagus hormones

A

N/A

61
Q

features of the stomach muscularis externa

A

3 layer outer: longitudinal middle: circular inner: oblique

62
Q

features of the stomach mucosa

A

simple columnar and goblet cells gastric glands

63
Q

features of the stomach submucosa

A

areolar CT

64
Q

features of the stomach cells of the epithelial lining

A
  1. mucous neck cells-fundus produce acid mucus 2. parietal cells- secrete HCl and intrinsic factor 3. chief cells- produce pepsinogen an inactive enzyme 4. enteroendocrine cells-secrete gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, CCK, and somatostain in the lamina propria proteins make an alkaline pH and increase the amount of gastric juices
65
Q

stomach secretion

A

goblet cells- alkaline mucus gastric gland- HCl, gastric juice, mucus, pepsinogen, and gastrin intrinsic factor- to absorb b12 need to allow the complete maturation of erythrocytes

66
Q

stomach enzymes

A

pepsinogen activated by HCL and turned into pepsin able to turn large proteins into small chains of amino acids

67
Q

stomach hormones

A

gastrin- increases gastric juices, mobility, and relaxes pyloric sphinter CCK- slows down stomach when fats are present secretin- released by SI to decrease the amt of gastric juices

68
Q

features of the SI

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum receives chime plicae circularis, villi, microvilli enteroendocrine cells MALT interspersed T cells to release cytokines when antigens are encountered

69
Q

secretion in SI

A

alkaline mucus with water and no enzymes secreted by brunners glands in the duodenum pH 7.4-7.8

70
Q

enzymes of SI

A

pancreatic amylase maltase sucrose lactase trypsin, chemotrypsin, carboxypeptidase pancreatic juice and bile salts

71
Q

Paracrine of SI

A

VIP NOT A HORMONE dilutes interstitial capillaries stimulates a buffer (bicarbonate) secretion to increase alkalinity

72
Q

liver features

A

largest gland in the body hexagonal liver lobules-right, left, caudate, and quadrate sinusoids-kupffer cells

73
Q

function of hepatocytes

A

production of bile carb metabolism lipid metabolism protein metabolism detox vit/min storage vitD

74
Q

liver secretion

A

bile- cholesterol, fatty acids, phospholipids, electrolytes, bilirubin (break down of heme) and bile salts

75
Q

enzymes of the liver

A

N/A

76
Q

liver hormones

A

CCK- contracts the gall bladder to release bile and relax hepatopancreatic sphinter (ampulla) Secretin- increases bicarbonate production

77
Q

features of the pancreas

A

endocrine function: insulin and glucagon exocrine function: acinar cells to make pancreatic juice stimulation by vagus nerve head encircles the duodenum, tail abuts the spleen

78
Q

pancreas secretion

A

pancreatic juice- produced by acinar cells and can be released by vagal stimulation contains zymogen granules and enzymes, bicarbonate, water, electrolytes neutralizes acid chime bile goes to duodenum

79
Q

pancreatic enzymes require bile for optimal activity

A

pancreatic amylase lipase nucleases trypsin, carboxypeptidase, chemotrypsin

80
Q

pancreatic hormones

A

CCK- released when fatty acids are present to release pancreatic juice secretin- protects duodenum from acid bc of bicarbonate insulin and glucagon secreted by islets of langerhans

81
Q

features of the large intestine

A

simple columnar and goblet cells cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal, and appendix haustrum anal canal is stratified squamous and a lot of mucus digestion of enteric bacteria bacteria flora reclaiming vit, water, and electrolytes propulsion of fecal matter to anus

82
Q

secretions of the large intestine

A

mucus

83
Q

large intestine enzymes

A

N/A

84
Q

hormones

A

N/A

85
Q

bile

A

yellow green alkaline solution that contains bile salts bile pigments cholesterol neural fats, phospholipids and electrolytes

86
Q

digestive function of bile salts

A

emulsify fats facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption help solubilize cholesterol

87
Q

bile is stored and concentrated in

A

the gall bladder

88
Q

why is it necessary to have the stomach be acidic

A

to carry out chemical digestion

89
Q

how does the stomach protect itself from digestion

A

a thick coat of bicarbonate rich mucus on the wall epithelial cells are joined by tight junctions and gastric gland cells are impermeable to HCl damaged epi are quickly replaced pepsinogen not active till HCl is present

90
Q

two regions in the digestive tract where mech food breakdown processes are very important

A

mouth, stomach/esophagus

91
Q

organs that are primarily food conduits

A

mouth and esophagus

92
Q

swallowing is

A

a coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and 22 separate muscle groups

93
Q

3 stages of swallowing

A

buccal phase- bolus forced into oropharynx pharyngeal phase- all routes except those leading to the digestive tract are sealed off esophageal phase- peristalsis moves through the pharnx to the esophagus

94
Q

what is stimulated in the stomach when food is going to enter it

A

Celiac phase

Refelexes stimulate parasympathetic of the ANS and enteric neurons

Stimulation of gastric glands to make gastric juices-pepsinogen, HCl, mucus, and gastrin

Gastrin stimuluates secretion of large amounts of gastric juices, increases stomach mobility, relaxes pyloric sphincter

95
Q

what molecules or chemicals are digested and absorbed in the stomach

A

-proteins via pepsin -vitamin b12 via intrinsic factor -lipids via gastric lipase -a little bit of water, ions, short chain fatty acids aspirin and alcohol

96
Q

what triggers gastric emptying

A

distention of the stomach gastrin partially digested proteins vagus nerve each mixing wave forces only a small amt of chime thru the pyloric sphinter into the duodenum after some contents are emptied this is slowed down

97
Q

salivary amylase

A

breaks starch into maltose

98
Q

pepsinogen (stomach)

A

activated by HCl to form pepsin which digests large proteins into small chains

99
Q

maltase (SI)

A

breaks maltose into glucose and glucose

100
Q

sucrose (SI)

A

breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose

101
Q

lactase SI

A

breaks lactose into glucose and galactose

102
Q

enteropeptidase SI

A

activates trypsin, chemotrypsin, carboxypeptidase to break down large proteins into smaller ones

103
Q

trypsin, chemotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (pancreas)

A

activated in duodenum by enteropeptidase

104
Q

pancreatic amylase (pancreas)

A

breaks starch into maltose requires ions or bile

105
Q

pancreatic lipase and bile salts (pancreas)

A

breaks fats/triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides requires ions or bile

106
Q

nucleases (pancreas)

A

ribo/deoxy break down nucleotides

107
Q

major hormones acting on the stomach

A

Gastrin- secreted by enteroendocrine cells of stomach and increase the amount of gastric juices, mobility, and relaxes pyloric sphincter CCK- slows down the stomach and is released by gall bladder when fats are present Secretin- secreted by endothelial cells of stomach, decreases gastric juices when acid chyme

108
Q

major hormones acting on pancreas

A

CCK- when fatty acids or acidic chime enters the duodenum; induces secretion of enzyme rich pancreatic juice Secretin- protects duodenum from acid chime Insulin glucagon

109
Q

gall bladder hormones

A

CCK- causes contraction of gall bladder and release of bile

110
Q

hormones of liver

A

CCK- contracts gall bladder to release bile and relax hepatopancreatic sphincter

111
Q

hormone of the SI

A

VIP is a PARACRINE not a hormone dilates intestinal capillaries and stimulates the alkaline bicarbonate buffer system

112
Q

chemical digestion of carbs begins in the

A

mouth

113
Q

chemical digestion of fats begins in the

A

stomach

114
Q

chemical digestion of proteins begins in the

A

stomach

115
Q

chemical digestion of nucleic acids begins in the

A

duodenum

116
Q

proteins are digested by

A

pancreatic juice enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase digestion is completed by peptidases on epithelial cells—final product is tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids

117
Q

carbs are digested by

A

starches and dextrins are not reduced to maltose by the time chime leaves the stomach so they need the help of pancreatic amylase 3 enzymes in the intestinal juice for digestion of disaccharides to monosacc on surface of epi cells (lactase, maltase, sucrose)

118
Q

fats are digested by

A

pancreatic lipase and bile salts

119
Q

nucleotides are digested by

A

ribonucleases and deoxyribonucleases

120
Q

absorption of monosaccarides

A

glucose and galactose are moved into the blood through active transport fructose is moved into the blood capillaries through facilitated diffusion

121
Q

absorption of aminos

A

in duodenum and jejunum half come from dead cells and digestive juices other half comes from foods move into epi cells by active transport peptides inside of the cell are digested into aminos moves to capillaries by diffusion and then to general cirulation

122
Q

absorption of lipids

A

moved by simple diffusion and 95% in SI reach the epi cells of villi by micelles inside epi lipase breaks down monoglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol which are recombined to form triglycerides triglycerides combine w cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons to be released by exocytosis and moved to lacteals

123
Q

absorption of vitamins

A

fat soluble vit ADEK included with lipids in micelles and are absorbed by simple diffusion and end in lacteal water soluble vit C and B absorbed by simple diffusion and end in blood

124
Q

importance of bacterial flora

A

colonizes colon so others cant ferments indigestible carbs breaks down proteins and aminos decomposes bilirubin into stercobilin to make feces brown releases irritating acids and gases produces some complex B vitamins and most of vit K

125
Q

the colon is not the same as the large intestine because

A

it is only part of the large intestine

126
Q

process of defecation

A

distention of rectal walls by feces stimulates contraction of rectum and relaxes the internal anal sphincter voluntary signals stimulate the relaxation of external anal sphinter

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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