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Anatomy&Physiology 2 > blood vessels > Flashcards

blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

blood vessels

A

closed delivery system that begins and ends at the heart

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2
Q

types of blood vessles

A

arteries
capillaries
veins

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3
Q

3 layers forming the wall of a BV

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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4
Q

tunica intima

A

in imediate contact with blood in the lumen
simple squamous epi continous and lining the entire cardiovascular system
continuation from hearts lining
supported by a basement membrane in larger vessels
internal elastic CT lamina for stretch/recoil

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5
Q

tunica media

A

middle and bulkiest layer
smooth muscle with sheets of elastin
small ctrl by NS for vasoconstrict/dilate
bears the cheif responsibility for maintaining BP and continuous Blood circulation

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6
Q

tunica externa

A

tunica adventitia
outermost layer with elastin in large arteries
has loosely woven collagen to protect/reinforce/anchor the vessel to surrounding structures

vasa vasorum in larger vessels
a syst of tiny vessels (vessels of the vessels)
to nourish the more external tissues of the BV wall

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7
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of BV resulting from the contraction of their tunica media to reduce blood flow and increase blood pressure

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8
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of the BV from the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in vessel walls
increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure

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9
Q

types of arteries

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

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10
Q

elastic arteries

A

help propel blood even when ventricles are relaxed
accomodate a surge of blood and function as a pressure reservoir

elastic fibers recoil pushing blood forward
located very close to the heart

aorta- 2nd pump of blood

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11
Q

muscular arteries

A

distributing arteries that take blood to various parts of the body, located further from the heart (most of the named arteries)

more smooth musc than elastic fibers in tunica media
vasoconstrict/dilate to adjust rate of BF
has an elastic lamina on the face of the tunica media
internal diameter ranges .3mm-1cm (little finger to pencil lead)

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12
Q

arterioles

A

smallest of arteries
larger ones have all 3 layers
more smooth muscle; few elastic fibers in TM
close to the capillaries- have endothelial cells on smooth muscle

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13
Q

terminal arterioles

A

metarteriole- last one before capillary bed, emerges from an arteriole
vasoconstriction/dilation

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14
Q

capillary bed

A

exchange vessels
slow blood flow because total cross sectional area is the largest to give nutrients time to diffuse

has 1 cell layer of endothelial cells with a basement membrane

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15
Q

metarteriole has a precapillary sphincter

A

controls blood flow into capillary bed

endothelial cells can release chemicals such as nitrous oxide to cause vasodilation

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16
Q

thoroughfare channel

A

intermediate bt capillary/venule

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17
Q

capillaries

A

have endothelial cells with spider shaped pericytes scattered along the outside (smooth muscle like cells that stabilze the capillary wall)
have some traits of a stem cell that decrease chances of epithelial cells from dying

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18
Q

continuous capillaries

A

plasma membrane of endothelial cells forming a continuous tube with tight junctions interrupted by intercellular clefts (gaps bt neighboring cells)
cells usually have pinocytoticvessicles to ferry fluids accross the wall

examples: skeletal, smooth, lungs, gi, skin, brain

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19
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

window
has small pores in plasma membrane and are covered by a delicate membrane, (more permeable)
has basement membrane and pericytes

examples: kidneys, endocrine glands, villi of SI

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20
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

discontinuous
very wide lumen with spaces between endothelial cells and lacking a complete basement membrane
thin cell layer
large intercellular clefts and fenestrations-blood flows very slowly through these bc endothelium is not continuous

kupffer cells- large macrophages that form part of the lining
remove and destroy contained bacteria

examples: liver, spleen, parathyroid glands, red bone marrow

easy access

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21
Q

veins

A

have all 3 layers
larger lumen with thinner walls than artery
thinner tunica interna- just endothelium w basement membrane

valves-modified endothel layer to point towards heart like SL valves catch blood (most in limbs)

tunica media is almost gone few smooth muscle and elastin fibers

tunica externa is thickest
longitudinal bundles of collage fibers and elastic network

largest veins have longitidinal bands of smooth muscle

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22
Q

varicose veins

A

when valves in veins break down or are incomplete

caused by failure to properly close and standing alot

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23
Q

venules

A

formed by the merging of capillaries
consist of only endothelium tunica intima

post capillary venules are smallest and extremely porous so WBC can cross tissue lines

larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

tunica externa is closer to veins

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24
Q

2 mechanisms veins use to pump blood to the heart

A

skeletal muscular

respiratory

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25
Q

skeletal muscular pump

A

skel musc contracting and relaxing near the veins milks blood towards the heart and it cant go backwards

26
Q

respiratory pump

A

movement of diaphragm
changes pressure in ventral body cavity

inhale- abdominal pressure rises and squeezes veins forcing blood to the heart

exhale-chest pressure decreases and expands the thoracic veins which speeds blood to the right atrium

27
Q

blood flow

A

the amount of blood flowing through a vessel/organ/entire circulation in a given period of time

28
Q

blood pressure

A

the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood

29
Q

resistance

A

the opposition to blood flow
a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through vessels (peripheral resistance)

blood flow is directly proportional to the difference in blood pressure bt 2 points in circulation
inversely proportional to peripheral resistance

30
Q

arterial blood pressure reflects 2 factors

A

how much the elastic arteries close to the heart are stretched (their compliance/distensibility)
the volume of blood forced into them at any time

related to the amount of fluid coming out of the capillaries

31
Q

factors that influence blood pressure

vasodilation

A

blood flow increase to the area but blood pressure decreases

release heat and bathe the area like in a fracture

32
Q

factors that influence blood pressure

vasoconstriction

A

blood flow decrease to the area and blood pressure increases

fight/flight

33
Q

factors that influence blood pressure

systolic pressure

A

working
ventricles contract
expel blood into aorta
average 120mmHg

34
Q

factors that influence blood pressure

diastolic pressure

A

resting
ventricles relax
aortic valve closes, blood inside
avg 70-80mmHg

35
Q

korotkoff sounds

A

sounds you hear when taking blood pressure

sphygmomanometer

36
Q

BP regulation

cardiovascular center

A

medulla oblongata
receives input from both higher brain regions and sensory receptors
blood pressure control by altering cardiac output and BV diameter
norepinephrine-vasoconstricts
ACH vasodilates

37
Q

BP regulation

Nervous system

A

short term

baro/chemoreceptors found in aorta and carotid arteries to alter blood distribution and maintain BV diameter

38
Q

baroreceptors

A

pressure sensitive
high BP triggers heart rate to go down, vasodilate
low BP triggers heart rate to increase, vasoconstrict

standing from seated position heart rate increases and vasoconstriction reflex

39
Q

chemoreceptors

A

monitor chemical comp
o2 content, ph drops sharply, or Co2 rises
transmits impulses to the CV center
increases cardiac output and causes vasoconstriction

40
Q

hormone regulation of BP

A

short term

lower blood volume=lower BP

41
Q

ADH

A

produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland
causes vasoconstriction to inrease blood pressure
increases blood volume by increasing reabsorption of water in the kidneys

42
Q

RAA- Renin

A

released by the kidneys
renin acts as an enzyme to generate angiotensin II
which stimulates intense vasoconstriction promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure

also stimulates the release of aldosterone and ADH to increase reabsorption of water and increase blood volume

43
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

released by the adrenal gland
vasoconstriction of skin and abdominal vessels
nicotine stimulates neurons to release large amount of both

44
Q

higher blood volume + higher blood pressure what must you decrease

A 
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide hormone
produced by the atria of the heart 
causes vasodilation 
decreases blood volume by loss of salt and water
antagonist to aldosterone
45
Q

autoregulation of blood pressure

A

local changes regulate vasomotion (blood flow to capillaries)
caused by exercise

46
Q

pulse

A

pressure wave felt by the alternating expansion and recoil of arteries during each cardiac cycle
ranges from 70-80 in an average adult

47
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid resting rate of the heart

over 100 BPM

48
Q

bradycardia

A

slow resting rate

under 60 BPM

49
Q

diffusion

A

most important method of capillary exchange
o2, co2, glucose, amino acids, hormones
goes down the conc gradient–> IF–> cell

50
Q

all plasma solutes pass easily across capillary walls except plasma proteins

A

alblumin (not in IF, stays in the blood), fibrinogen, antibodies
exceptions
1. liver-has sinusoids for alblumin/fibrinogen to diffuse into capillaries
2. brain- allows few substances to enter or leave, not fenestrated, but tight junctions

51
Q

diffusion by transcytosis

A

insulin, antibodies, large lipid molc become enclosed in pinocytic vessicles and enter the endothelial cell by endocytosis
exit by exocytosis

52
Q

bulk flow

A

fluid is forced out of the capillaries through the clefts at the arterial end of the bed but most of it returns to the blood stream at the venous end

a large number of ions, molc, and particles in a fluid move together in the same direction from high to low pressure

53
Q

the direction and amount of fluid that flows across a capillary walls reflects the balance between two dynamic and opposing forces

A

hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

54
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

force exerted by a fluid pressing against a heart wall (heart pressure)
beginning of a capillary bed

RELATED TO BP

pressure driven mvmt of fluid and solutes from blood to IF

55
Q

osmotic pressure

A

force opposing hydrostatic pressure, is created by the presence in a fluid of large non diffusibible molc (plasma proteins)
mainly alblumin

DOES NOT CHANGE
systemic or osmotic pressure= 25

end of a capillary bed
reabsorption pressure driven from IF to blood

56
Q

net filtration pressure

A

to determine whether their is a net gain or net loss of fluid from the blood, we have to calculate the net filtration pressure
NFP= Hydrostatic pressure-Osmotic pressure

57
Q

the extra fluid is

A

picked up by the lymphatic system and returns it to the circulatory

58
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

59
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

60
Q

atherosclerosis

A

the hardening of the arteries resulting from plaque build up by accumulation of fats and cholesterol

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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