Respiratory System 2

Question 1

Where are club cells?

Answer 1

In the wall of a bronchioles

Question 2

Does a bronchus or a bronchioles have smaller diameter?

Answer 2

Bronchioles (and is also more simple)

Question 3

Describe the bronchioles?

Answer 3

Smooth muscle controls the diameter, causes resistance of air and during exercise, there’s increased volume and decreased resistance to airflow as relaxed smooth muscle

Question 4

What happens in an asthma attack?

Answer 4

Constriction of smooth muscle, but a bronchodilator relaxes smooth muscle

Question 5

What’s in the wall of the bronchus?

Answer 5

Goblet cells, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, smooth muscle, mucus glands, cartilage plate

Question 6

Is alveoli part of a bronchus?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

What’s in a bronchiole wall?

Answer 7

Club cells, columnar ciliated epithelium, smooth muscle

Question 8

What is the last bronchiole in the conducting zone?

Answer 8

Terminal bronchiole

Question 9

Where do alveoli branch off from?

Answer 9

The bronchiole wall

Question 10

What are alveoli sacs?

Answer 10

Bunches of alveoli

Question 11

What are alveolar ducts?

Answer 11

Tubes made up of alveoli

Question 12

What’s wrapped around a single alveolus?

Answer 12

Capillaries

Question 13

What does the surfactant do?

Answer 13

Keeps alveoli moist, stops alveoli collapsing when you exhale

Question 14

What’s the diffusion barrier in the alveolar wall like?

Answer 14

Alveolar air space 
Squamous pneumocyte 
Basement membrane sq. pn fused to basement membrane cap. End 
Cap. Endothelium 
Blood plasma 
Red blood cell

Question 15

What supports the large airway during inspiration, but doesn’t continue beyond the smallest bronchi?

Answer 15

Cartilage (mucous glands also stop there too)

Question 16

When does the thickness of the decrease?

Answer 16

When airway diameter decreases

Question 17

Where are secretory cells?

Answer 17

In the epithelium of conducting airways

Question 18

What are the types of secretory cells?

Answer 18

Goblet cells (mucus in larger airways) and club cells (serous-watery secretion in bronchioles)

Question 19

Where is there more spiral orientation smooth muscle in relation to its size?

Answer 19

In small airways- although this muscle coat doesn’t continue beyond smallest bronchioles

Question 20

What are the primary bronchi?

Answer 20

Right and left main stem bronchi supplying each lung

Question 21

What are the secondary bronchi?

Answer 21

Lobar bronchi supplying lobes (2 on left, 3 on right)

Question 22

What are tertiary bronchi?

Answer 22

Segmental bronchi supplying segments of the lung (8 on the left, 10 on the right)

Question 23

What does each segment of the lung have?

Answer 23

It’s own air and blood supply

Question 24

What does segmental air and blood supply mean for a surgeon?

Answer 24

When a localised tumour occurs, a surgeon who knows approximate boundaries can remove one or more segments containing the tumour without excessive leakage of air or blood from neighbouring segments

Question 25

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there?

Answer 25

10

Question 26

What is a pleura?

Answer 26

A smooth membrane covers each lung and lines the thoracic cavity in which the lung sits

Question 27

Where are the pleurae continuous at?

Answer 27

The root of the lung (hilum)

Question 28

What separates the pleurae and what does it allow for?

Answer 28

A thing film of fluid, which allows the pleurae to slide past each other without friction but also prevents them from separating

Question 29

What must happen when the thoracic wall moves inwards/outwards or the diaphragm moves upwards/downwards?

Answer 29

The lungs must follow

Question 30

Layers of the pleura? (In-out)

Answer 30

Visceral pleura
Pleural space (pleural fluid)
Parietal pleura
Muscles of ribs

Question 31

What is responsible for 25% of air movement into and out of the lungs?

Answer 31

Movement of the ribcage

Question 32

What is inspiration?

Answer 32

Active and requires contraction of the external intercostal muscles which run obliquely between ribs

Question 33

What is expiration?

Answer 33

Passive as the ribcage returns to its resting position without requiring muscular action

Question 34

What is breathing like during exercise?

Answer 34

Both sets of intercostal muscles are now active; external for inspiration, internal for expiration

Question 35

What does external intercostal muscle contraction do to the ribs ?

Answer 35

Lifts them up (rotating them around their pivot points)

Question 36

What does the ribs lifting and swinging upwards and outwards do?

Answer 36

Increases the volume of the thorax movement

Question 37

What does internal intercostal muscle contraction do to the ribs?

Answer 37

Drags them downwards- but active contraction only occurs during forceful exhalation