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Medsci142 Term 2 > Musculoskeletal 3 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are secondary osteons created?

A

Inside the existing bone tissue

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2
Q

What is the first step of secondary osteon formation?

A

Osteoclasts form and gather in an area that needs to be remodelled and this group of osteoclasts starts boring its way through the existing bone

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3
Q

What is the area where osteoclasts bore it’s way into existing bone called?

A

The cutting area- it creates a tunnel inside the existing bone

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4
Q

What’s the second step of secondary osteon formation?

A

After the tunnel has been created, osteoblasts move in and line the tunnel- they form the new active endosteum and start depositing osteoid onto the walls of the tunnel

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5
Q

Third step of secondary osteon formation?

A

Layer upon layer of new concentric lamellae are put down- a blood vessel will also grow into the tunnel to supply the active osteoblasts. The area is called the closing cone and moves along behind the cutting cone. Some of the osteoblasts are trapped in the newly deposited bone and become osteocytes

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6
Q

Fourth step of secondary osteon formation?

A

Eventually the tunnel is reduced to the size of a typical Haversian canal. The remaining osteoblasts living the Haversian canal either die it become bone lining cells (osteogenic cells) and contribute to the resting endosteum. A new osteon is formed. Sometimes a line can be seen at the junction between the outermost lamella of the new osteon and the pre-existing older bone. This is known as the cement line

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7
Q

What is the cement line?

A

A line seen at the junction between the outermost lamella of the new osteon and the pre-existing older bone

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8
Q

What’s the unit of spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

Trabecula

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9
Q

What’s the unit formation of spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

Grows outwards

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10
Q

Location of spongy bone?

A

Inside bones

Epiphysis of long bones

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11
Q

Unit of compact (cortical) bone?

A

Osteon (Haversian system)

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12
Q

Unit formation of compact (cortical) bone?

A

Grows inwards

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13
Q

Location of compact (cortical) bone?

A

The outer shell of bones

Diaphysis of long bones

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14
Q

Blood supply of compact (cortical) bone?

A

Blood vessels within Haversian and Volkmann’s canals

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15
Q

Blood supply of spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

Blood vessels in medullary cavity

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16
Q

Function of Spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

To support the outer cortex of compact bone in areas where forces occur from multiple directions. This is to help reduce the weight of bone. Rapid turnover of Ca and P

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17
Q

Function of compact (cortical) bone?

A

To provide a strong dense shell of bone on the outside, thickening in areas that are exposed to large forces

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18
Q

What is a joint or articulation?

A

Any point in which two (or more) bones interconnect

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19
Q

What’s the compromise of the Union of the joint/articulation?

A

A comprise between the need to provide support and the need to remain mobile

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20
Q

What can determine the function of a joint?

A

The different tissues and the shape of articulating surfaces

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21
Q

What does arthrosis mean?

A

Joint

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22
Q

Three functions of the joint?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Force transmission
  3. Growth
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23
Q

Definition of synarthrosis?

A

Immovable joint

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24
Q

Stability of synarthrosis?

A

High

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25
Q

Movement of synarthrosis?

A

Low

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26
Q

Location of synarthrosis?

A

Axial skeleton

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27
Q

Example of synarthrosis?

A

Sutures

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28
Q

Definition of amphiarthrosis?

A

Slightly movable

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29
Q

Stability of amphiarthrosis?

A

Moderate

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30
Q

Movement of amphiarthrosis?

A

Moderate

31
Q

Common location of amphiarthrosis?

A

Intervertible discs in spine

32
Q

Definition of diarthrosis?

A

Freely movable

33
Q

Stability of diarthrosis?

A

Low

34
Q

Movement of diarthrosis?

A

High

35
Q

Location of diarthrosis?

A

Appendicular skeleton

36
Q

Which joints are not restricted to the properties of a specific tissue or tissues which hold the ends of the bones tightly together?

A

Synovial joints

37
Q

Apart from the articulate capsule, what are the ends of articulating bones in synovial joints like?

A

Mostly free

38
Q

What does the, mostly free, ends of articulating bones in synovial joints allow for?

A

A wide range of motion, but can also introduce instability

39
Q

What does the joint cavity contain?

A

Synovial fluid

40
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

A specialised type of hyaline cartilage (type of connective tissue)

41
Q

What’s the primary function of articular cartilage?

A

To protect the ends of bones that come together to form a joint

42
Q

Physical characteristics of articular cartilage?

A

Connective tissue forms a thin layer, typically 1-7mm thick, which is attached to the bone

43
Q

What can articular cartilage do?

A

Absorb shock, support heavy loads and provide a smooth, near frictionless surface, when combined with synovial fluid

44
Q

CoF of synovial fluid?

A

0.002-0.005

45
Q

What needs to happen to articular cartilage in order for it to function for most of ones life?

A

The specialised tissue structure needs to remain intact

46
Q

What is the degradation of the articular cartilage lead to?

A

Arthritis

47
Q

What percentage of the articular cartilage are cells?

A

5%

48
Q

What are the cells in articular cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes (chondro=cartilage)

49
Q

What do chondrcytes do?

A

Build, repair and maintain cartilage

50
Q

Where are chondrcytes located?

A

In spaces called lacunae

51
Q

How do chondrcytes occur?

A

Depending on the zone, they occur by themselves or in groups called nests

52
Q

What percentage of articular cartilage is the extra cellular cartilage?

A

95%

53
Q

What percentage of the extra cellular matrix of articular cartilage is water and soluble ions?

A

75%

54
Q

What is the water and soluble ion aspect of the EM?

A

The fluid phase that can move in and out of tissue

55
Q

What percentage of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage is fibre?

A

75% dry weight

56
Q

What is the main fibre in the EM of articular fibre?

A

Collagen (mainly type 2)

57
Q

What is the purpose of fibres in the EM of articular cartilage?

A

Provide the structural integrity to the tissue

58
Q

What visitor structure of fibre like in the EM of articular cartilage like?

A

Has specific zonation patterns

59
Q

What part of the articular cartilage is fibre?

A

The “solid phase” that’s fixed inside the tissue

60
Q

What are the glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix of the articular cartilage?

A

Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, keratin sulphate

61
Q

What is the main proteoglycan in the extracellular matrix of the articular cartilage?

A

Aggrecan

62
Q

What is the purpose of the GAGs and PGs of the EM of the articular cartilage?

A

Provides the swelling and hydrating mechanism for the proper function of cartilage

63
Q

What part of the articular cartilage is the GAGs and PGs of the EM?

A

Part of the solid phase that’s fixed inside the tissue

64
Q

What zone in articular cartilage has low PG?

A

Surface zone

65
Q

What part of the articular cartilage is calcified, and therefore has low PG?

A

Tide mark

66
Q

What does the tide mark seperate?

A

Deep zone and calcified cartilage

67
Q

What is the content of calcified cartilage like?

A

Low in PG, high in hydroxyapatite

68
Q

What is the osteochondral junction also known as?

A

The cement line

69
Q

Where in articular cartilage is lacunae found?

A

Calcified cartilage

70
Q

What does the osteochondral junction seperate?

A

Calcified cartilage and subchondral bone

71
Q

Does the cartilage contain blood vessels, nerves or lymphatics?

A

No, it’s avasvular and aneural

72
Q

What zone has nests of chondrocytes?

A

Deep zone

73
Q

Which zones does PG content increase?

A

From the middle zone to the deep zone

Medsci142 Term 2 (20 decks)

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