Respiratory System 1

Question 1

What is external respiration?

Answer 1

The process in the lungs by which oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into blood within the pulmonary capillaries, and carbon dioxide is excreted

Question 2

What is internal (tissue) respiration?

Answer 2

The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid and cells which surround them

Question 3

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 3

The process within individual cells through which they gain energy by breaking down molecules such as glucose. It occurs in mitochondria, consumes oxygen and generates carbon dioxide

Question 4

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 4

Breathing describes the bulk movement of air into and out of the lungs. The ventilatory pump comprises the rib cage with its associated muscles and the diaphragm

Question 5

What are the two functional parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 5

The conducting and respiratory parts

Question 6

What is the conducting part of the respiratory system?

Answer 6

A series of cavities and thick walled tubes which conduct air between the nose and the deepest recesses of the lungs, and in doing so warm, humidify and clean it.

Question 7

What does the conducting airways involve?

Answer 7

Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea , bronchi, bronchioles

Question 8

Does gas exchange occur in the conducting part of the respiratory system?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

What comprises the respiratory part of the system?

Answer 9

The tiny thin-walled airways where gases are exchanged between air and blood

Question 10

What’s involved in the respiratory part of the system?

Answer 10

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, alveoli themselves

Question 11

Can gas exchange occur in the respiratory part?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What’s the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 12

Nasal cavity to pharynx

Question 13

What’s the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 13

Larynx to alveoli

Question 14

What does air need to be?

Answer 14

Warm (37 degrees)
Filtered
Humidified (increased H2O, saturated)

Question 15

What is the nasal cavity covered in?

Answer 15

Respiratory epithelium

Question 16

What does the respiratory epithelium include/do?

Answer 16

Ciliates epithelium and goblet cells, the later OH which secrete seromucous which is sticky and wet

Question 17

What does the conchae do?

Answer 17

Increases surface area and air mixing, has a superior/medial/inferior aspect, is olfactory, and has a rich capillary network underneath the epithelium that warms the air

Question 18

What does the sinus do?

Answer 18

Creates resonance and tone to voice

Question 19

Describe the nasal cavity?

Answer 19

A tall narrow chamber lined with mucous membrane- the wet membrane humidifies and warms the air

Question 20

What is the medial surface of the nasal cavity like?

Answer 20

Flat

Question 21

What’s in the lateral surface of the nasal cavity?

Answer 21

Three sloping shelves (conchae) which Increase the surface area of the mucous membrane

Question 22

What opens into the cavity and what does it do?

Answer 22

The air filled paranasal sinus, which lightens the face and adds resonance to the voice

Question 23

What does the roof of the cavity carry?

Answer 23

The olfactory epithelium

Question 24

What happens in the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 24

Turbulence caused by sniffing carries air up into the epithelium, and axons of olfactory receptor cells lead towards the brain through perforations in the overlying bone, the cribriform plate

Question 25

In regards to the muscociliary escalator, how does smoking affect it?

Answer 25

It affects cilia movement by slowing it down and paralysing them, it also increases risk of infection (eg smokers cough) and increases mucous secretion

Question 26

What is the epiglottis made from?

Answer 26

Elastic cartilage

Question 27

What is the pharynx?

Answer 27

A vertical passage with three parts; each having an anterior opening

Question 28

What closes the nasopharynx?

Answer 28

Soft palate

Question 29

Is the pharynx only an airway?

Answer 29

No, it’s also a foodway and is primarily part of the gastrointestinal system- choking occurs if food goes down the trachea

Question 30

Parts of the conducting zone in generation order?

Answer 30

Trachea
Main stem bronchi 
Lobar bronchi 
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles 
Terminal bronchioles

Question 31

Parts of the respiratory zone, in generation order?

Answer 31

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

Question 32

What happens every time an airway tube divides?

Answer 32

It gets smaller in diameter

Question 33

Describe the windpipe?

Answer 33

A tube about 12 long and as thick as your thumb

Question 34

What is the windpipe supported by?

Answer 34

Incompleted c-shaped rings of cartilage

Question 35

How are the free ends of the supporting cartilage connected?

Answer 35

By trachealis muscle (smooth)

Question 36

What narrows the diameter of the trachea and does it have any functional significance?

Answer 36

Contraction- significance is debatable

Question 37

What lines the trachea?

Answer 37

Ciliated epithelium (pseudostratified columnar), and the cilia transport a mucous sheet upwards to the nasopharnyx (mucociliary escalator)

Question 38

What is posterior to the trachea, lying in the shallow groove formed by the trachealis muscle?

Answer 38

Oesophagus