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Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Does intrapulmonary pressure increase or decrease during inspiration?

A

Decrease

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2
Q

What pressure is always negative and helps to keep lungs inflated?

A

Intrapleural

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3
Q

When is intrapleural pressure most negative?

A

During inspiration

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4
Q

If there is a breach between pleural membranes such that air and blood flow in what will happen to the lungs?

A

They will collapse

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5
Q

When bronchioles constrict what happens to airflow?

A

It decreases because resistance increases

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6
Q

Fibrosis decreases lung compliance. How does this affect inflation?

A

It makes it more difficult

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7
Q

A decrease in surfactant will increase or decrease compliance?

A

Decrease

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8
Q

When pO2 is low and pCO2 is high what happens to the pulmonary arteries and bronchioles?

A

Pulmonary Arteries: Constrict
Bronchioles: Dilate

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9
Q

What is the mixture of gases of the atmosphere?

A

O2: 21%
CO2: 1%
N2: 78%

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10
Q

What is the partial pressure of Oxygen at sea level

A

.21(760mmHg) = 160mmHg

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11
Q

As tissue builds up CO2 what happens to affinity for O2

A

It decreases

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12
Q

As temperature rises in tissues what happens to affinity for Hb for O2?

A

It decreases

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13
Q

At rest what is the saturation of Hb in the heart?

A

98%

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14
Q

What is the graph that shows Hb affinity at various pHs/temperatures?

A

Hemoglobin Saturation/Dissociation Curve

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15
Q

What do H+ bind to inside RBCs when H2CO3 dissociates?

A

Hemoglobin

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16
Q

What nerves are innervated by the inspiratory centers?

A

Vagus and Glossopharyngeal

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17
Q

What nerve carries stretch information from the lungs?

A

Phrenic

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18
Q

What muscles elevate the ribs during inspiration?

A

External intercostals and diaphragm

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19
Q

Inspiration does what to the volume of the thoracic cavity? What does this do to pressure?

A

Increases volume, decreases pressure

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20
Q

What nerve controls the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve

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21
Q

True or False: the automatic act of breathing is controlled by efferent fibers from the ANS

A

True

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22
Q

What is eupnea?

A

Normal breathing. Normal pO2 and pCO2

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23
Q

What is Hypernea?

A

Increased breathing rate (decreases PCO2)

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24
Q

What is Hyperventilation?

A

Deep, slow breathing (decreases PCO2)

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25
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Shallow breathing (increases PCO2 levels)

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26
Q

What are the two pairs of respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

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27
Q

What mediates the action of CO2 on the respiratory center?

A

Stimulation of afferent fibers from the carotid bodies and aortic bodies exclusively because CO2 cannot pass the blood brain barrier

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28
Q

True or false: Exhalation is normally a completely passive process

A

True

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29
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing?

A

The medulla oblongata

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30
Q

What part of the brain is reaponsible for forceful expiration?

A

Ventral respiratory group

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31
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration?

A

Pneumotaxic area of pons

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32
Q

What gas stimulates the central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata?

A

CO2

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33
Q

What gas stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid bodies?

A

O2

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34
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulates when arterial O2 drops below what pressure?

A

60 mmHg

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35
Q

What factors increase the rate of respiration?

A

O2 concentration
CO2 concentration
Blood pH

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36
Q

What is the important factor controlling the rate and depth of breathing?

A

CO2

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37
Q

What are the structures of the Conductive Zone?

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchii

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38
Q

Does gas exchange happen in the Conductive Zone?

A

No

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39
Q

What happens to air in the nose?

A

-It warms and humidifies as it goes via nasal capillaries
-It is cleaned and filtered by pseduostratified ciliated tissue

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40
Q

What chambers are used for sound production and resonance?

A

Nose - Resonating Chamber
Paranasal Sinuses - Resonating Chamber
Vocal folds of glottis - Sound production

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41
Q

What is the purpose of paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten the skull and moisten air
Serve as resonating chambers

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42
Q

What isn true about tissue as one goes down the conductive zone to the respiratory?

A

Move from stratified squamous ET to pseudostratified in bronchioles to simple squamous in respiratory zone

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43
Q

What are the vocal cords? What is the difference between them and vestibular folds?

A

Ligaments in the larynx attached to cartilage
The opening between the folds is the glottis
Inferior to the vestibular folds, which produce no sound but help to close glottis

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44
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs

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45
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood?

A

Respiratory membrane

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46
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

A

Fills the area between visceral and parietal pleura to allow gliding and resist separation of pleaura as lungs inflate and deflate

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47
Q

What is speech?

A

The intermittent release of expires air while opening and closing the glottis.

Pitch - determines by length and tension of cords
Loudness - Determines by force of expelled air

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48
Q

What structures shape sound?

A

Pharynx. tongue, soft palate, lips

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49
Q

What are the overall functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange between environment and pulmonary capillaries
Filtering, humidifying, and warming of air
Production of sound
Smell
Maintaining pH homeostasis

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50
Q

What is 0mmHg for respiration?

A

Pressure at sea level: 760 mmHg

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51
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

The pressure in alveoli

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52
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Negative pressure within the pleura cavity that keeps airways open

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53
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

The difference between intrapulmonary (Ppul) and intrapleural (Pip)

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54
Q

What happens in a puncture wound to the lungs?

A

Equalizing with external air, causing collapse

55
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Air coming from atmosphere into the lungs

56
Q

What is the difference between external and internal respiration?

A

External: Gas exchange between air and alveoli
Internal: Gas exchange within tissue/blood (O2 to tissue, CO2 to blood)

57
Q

What muscles cause pulmonary ventilation?

A

Contraction of diaphragm (vertical) and external intercostals (lateral) increase volume of thoracic cavity, decreasing pressure

58
Q

What’s Boyle’s Law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2

59
Q

What are the events of inspiration?

A

Flow of air into the lungs

-Diaphragm descends, external intercostals expand laterally
-Pressure decreases as volume increases

This is an active process (requires energy)

60
Q

What are the events of expiration?

A

Volume decreases and pressure increases, forcing air out of the lungs

Passive process under resting conditions

61
Q

What three factors needs to be overcome for inspiration?

A

Airway Resistance
Alveolar Surface Tension
Ling Compliance

62
Q

What is Lung Compliance?

A

The ease with which lungs can be expanded

-Reduced by factors that decrease distention of thoracic cavity (edema, spine shape, fibrosis)

63
Q

What is Elasticity?

A

How readily lungs will recoil to original shape

Reduced by fibrosis, surfactant production, thorax flexibility

64
Q

What is surface tension?

A

The attraction of liquid molecules in the alveolus (water from capillaries esp.)

65
Q

What is surfactant?

A

A detergent-like compound that reduces surface tension between water molecules

66
Q

What is the name for the strength between two substances, such as a an antigen and antibody or gas and protein?

A

Affinity

67
Q

What is the largest source if airway resistance?

A

Friction

68
Q

What is air flow?

A

Change in pressure over resistance

(F=deltaP/R)

69
Q

What role does the ANS play on air flow

A

Efferent input affects diameter of bronchioles
-Sympathetic causes bronchiodilation, decreases resistance
-Parasympathetic causes bronchioconstriction, increases resistance

70
Q

What are nonrespiratory air movements?

A

Cough
Sneeze
Cry
Laugh
Hiccup
Yawn

71
Q

What’s Dalton’s Law?

A

Total pressure is equal to the sum of independent gas pressures. The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to it ls percentage in the mix

72
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Gas will dissolve into liquid proportional of it partial pressure, the bigger the pressure the more it will dissolve

73
Q

What is the most soluble gas?

A

CO2, nearly 20x more soluble than O2

74
Q

True or False- Nitrogen is virtually insoluble in plasma at sea level

A

True

75
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gas exchange between simple squamous tissue of pulmonary capillaries and alveoli’s reapiratory membrane

76
Q

What factors affect external respiration?

A

Partial gas gradients and gas solubility
Matching of alveolar ventilation and blood perfusion
Structural charcteristics

77
Q

How long does it take for hemoglobin to saturate with O2?

A

About 1/3 of the time it is in the alveolus

78
Q

How does Hb act as a storage depot for O2?

A

Hb removes O2 from the plasma as soon as it is dissolved into blood, which decreases its partial pressure and allows more in, causing a large net transfer of O2

79
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The amount of gas to reach an alveoli

80
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Blood reaching the alveoli

81
Q

What will happen if ventilation is bad?

A

CO2 higher than O2, bronchioles dilate and arterioles constrict

82
Q

What happens is perfusion is poor?

A

Low CO2 and high O2, bronchioles will constrict and arterioles will dilate

83
Q

How thick is the respiratory membrane?

A

.5-1 micrometer, allowing for efficient gas exchange.

Total surface area is about 60 m^2 (40x that of skin)

84
Q

What will thickening the respiratory membrane cause? What about decreasing surface area?

A

Thickening: inadequate gas exchange, inflammation, edema, fibrosis

Decreasing SA: emphysema

85
Q

What direction are the pressure gradients for CO2 and O2

A

Blood returning from tissue has higher CO2, easily moves into alveoli

Air diffuses from O2 to blood

86
Q

What is equilibrium for O2? How long does it take an RBC to reach that?

A

104mmHg, about .25 seconds or 1/3 total time spent

87
Q

Where is 98% of O2 in the body?

A

Attached to Hb in blood. A very small amount is in the plasma.

88
Q

How many atoms bind to Hb?

A

4

89
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in an exercising muscle?

A

About 20mmHg (30%)

90
Q

What factors affect Hb saturation?

A

Temperature
pH
CO2 pressure
2-3 diphosphoglycerate or DPG (a glycolysis byproduct)

91
Q

True or False: O2 and CO2 are competitors, fighting for a common binding site on Hb

A

False.

92
Q

How is most CO2 carried through the body?

A

As HCO3 in plasma (about 70%)

93
Q

Which binds to Hb more easily, O2 or CO2?

A

CO2

94
Q

What is Chloride shift?

A

At the tissues HCO3 diffuses into plasma to counterbalance the out rush of these negatively charged ions Cl ions move into the plasma

95
Q

What does bicarbonate do in the lungs?

A

Moves into RBCs to bind with H+ and form H2CO3 (Carbonic acid), which binds with O2 to make water, which is released into the air

96
Q

What is the Haldane Effect?

A

The amount of CO2 transported is affecres by the pressure of Oxygen in the blood (pO2)

The lower the pO2 the more CO2 can be carried

97
Q

What is the Bohr Effect?

A

In the tissues as more CO2 enters the blood more O2 dissociates from Hb and Hb bonds with the CO2

98
Q

How does CO2 affect acidity?

A

The more CO2 the more H+ ions, so the more acidic (lower pH)

99
Q

What is the alkaline reserve of the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

HCO3- in plasma

100
Q

How does slow shallow breathing affect blood pH?

A

Increases blood CO2 levels, causing pH to drop

101
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors?

A

The medulla oblongata

102
Q

What is the function it the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

A

Integrates input from peripheral stretch and carotid/arterial chemoreceptors

103
Q

What is the function of the Ventral Respiratory Group?

A

Generates eupnea (regular respiratory rate)
Is involves in forces resperation

104
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate?

A

12-15 BPM

105
Q

What is the function of the pneumotaxic and pneustic areas in pons?

A

Smooths inspiration and expiration transitions

106
Q

What is breathing depth determined by?

A

How actively the resp. center stimulates the muscles

107
Q

What controls breathing rate?

A

How long the Inspiratory Center is active

108
Q

What are cortical controls?

A

Direct signals from the cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls (things like taking a deep breath, holding one’s breath)

109
Q

What does the hypothalamus have to do with breathing?

A

Emotional controls act through the limbic system to modify rate and depth (ie hyperventilating when angry)

110
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Increase in PCO2

111
Q

What does hyperventilation cause?

A

Low CO2 levels: cerebral vasoconstriction and ischemia

112
Q

What are the 3 Chemical Factors affecting ventilation/respiration?

A

CO2 Levels (most important)
O2 levels
Blood pH

113
Q

What causes apnea (a breathing cessation)?

A

Abnormally low O2

114
Q

What nerve transmits carotid chemoreceptor information? What kind of information is this?

A

Vagus nerve; O2 levels

115
Q

What factors increase ventilation?

A

Low blood pH, O2 below 60mmHg

116
Q

What is the Pulmonary Irritant Reflex?

A

The reflexive constriction of airways

117
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?

A

A stretch reflex that limits further increase of lungs when they hit max capacity

118
Q

What happens to respiration during exercise?

A

pH lowers due to lactic acid build-up, proprioceptors stimulate respiration,
Hyperna occurs (10-20x increase in ventilation)

119
Q

What happens to blood O2 at higher elevations?

A

Pressure decreases so pO2 decreases

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema - constriction of arteries in response tonlow blood O2, can cause coughing up “pink foam” due to bleeding alveoli

High Altitude Cerebral Edema - Increases cerebral blood flow. Decline in blood O2 stimulates erythrogenesis in bone marrow, eventuallt conpensates

120
Q

What is the pressure conversion factor below sea level?

A

33ft = 1atm

121
Q

What are COPDs, what are their leading causes?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders
Ex. Bronchitis, emphysema
Decrease ability to force air out of lungs
Huge ties to smoking

122
Q

What is asthma?

A

A reversible COPD characterized by coughing, wheezing, inflammation, and broncgjhiospasms

Caused by an abnormal response from IgE

123
Q

What causes tuberculosis?

A

Myobacterium

124
Q

Why do premature babies have trouble breathing if the lungs function at 28 week?

A

Low surfactants, secretion does not start until 35-37 weeks

125
Q

What is spirometry?

A

The measurement of inspiratory and expiratory respiratory volumes

126
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

Avg 500mL, the volume of air inspired/expired at resting conditions

127
Q

What is Inspiratory Resting Volume?

A

The largest volume of air one can inspire in addition to TV. IRV + TV= IC (bottom of curve to highest peak)

128
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

Largest volume one can expire after TV. TV + ERV = EC (top of curve to bottom of lowest)

129
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air trapped in the bon-collapsible airways (about 1200mL in male, 1100 in females) that exists to prevent lung collapse

130
Q

What are the rates of tachypnea/bradypnea?

A

Above 20/below 12

131
Q

What is Vital Capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be exhales after a maximum inhalation (TV + IRC + ERC)

132
Q

What is Alveolar Ventilation Rate?

A

RRx (TV-Dead Space) Dead Space is a constant roughly equal to weight in lbs in mL that does not contribute to gas exchange

133
Q

What is minute ventilation rate?

A

Total amount of gas flow in or out of respiratory tract in one minute (RR x TV)

134
Q

What is the difference between an obstructive pulmonary disorder and a restrictive pulmonary disorder?

A

Obstructive - Limits airflow due to increased resistance, deduce by measuring flow rates

Restrictive - Ability to inflate and deflate lungs reduced

Physiology (17 decks)

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