Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

A

Secretion of sex hormones
Production of gametes
Production of offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23, for a total of 46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does a somatic cell have (and by the way what is a somatic cell?)

A

Two: 1 maternal, 1 paternal aka diploid (2n)
A somatic cell is any cell except gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23, they are haploid (n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or False: Gametes in a pair are identical

A

False. They are equivalent, they code for the same characteristics but one is maternal one is paternal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the term for the fusion of a sperm cell and egg cell?

A

Fertilization is the process
Zygote is the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of cell is a zygote?

A

Diploid (2n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis I?

A

To reduce the number of original chromosomes in half to prepare for fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What creates a unique set of chromosomes for each gamete?

A

Recombination aka Scrambling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false. Gametes do not go through Interphase prior to meiosis

A

False. They do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens in Prophase I of meiosis I?

A

Duplicates centriole pairs pair up forming tetrads

Crossing Over occurs: homologous chromosomes exchange equivalent segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does crossing over mean? When/How does it occur and what does it create?

A

Homologous chromosomes exchange equivalent segments

Occurs between non-sister chromatids during Prophase I

Creates a new chromosome that has some maternal and some paternal parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during Metaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes align in the center of the cell by miotic spindles

They are pulled apart into two separate cells

Independent Assortment - the side each chromosome lines up on is independent of other pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens during Anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated and move to opposite poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens during Telophase I?

A

Two haploid (n) cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during Telophase II?

A

Cytokinesis occurs and a total of 4 cells containing gametes (n) are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between the purpose of mitosis versus the purpose of meiosis?

A

Mitosis - Cell duplication to increase cell numbers. Makes sure cells stay the same.

Meiosis - Gamete production, produces genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When does synapsis occur? What is synapsis?

A

Prophase I of Meiosis. This is the process where two homologous chromosomes line up, allowing for crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 factors contributing to Genetic Recombination?

A

Crossing Over
Independent Assortment
Random Fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many possible genetic combinations are possible before crossing over?

A

n^23 means 8 million combos in each gamete

8mil x 8mil = 64 trillion possible combinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The production of gametes. Begins in embryonic glands while in utero (amniotic life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where foes spermatogenesis take place?

A

In the seminiferous tubules in the testis, within sustentacular cells aka Sertori cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis - Process if sperm cell production

Spermiogenesis - Spermatid maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When does spermatogenesis start?

A

Puberty, continues throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of spermatogonia?

A

Goes through mitosis on the basal lamina at the blood-testicular barrier. For every one that goes through meiosis one remains behind to duplicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is important about the blood-testicular barrier?

A

Sperm cells are considered foreign by the body. If they crossed the barrier the immune system would develop antibodies for them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are secondary spermatocytes?

A

Tetrad-containing cells (4 haploids not 2 diploids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens in spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatids change shape, losing most of the cytoplasm and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the hormonal effects of GnRH during spermiogenesis? What are the negative feedback loops?

A

GnRH > FSH > Sertoli cells > ABP increases spermatogenic cells’ ability to bind to testosterone

GnRH > LH > Leydig cells (aka interstitial cells) > testosterone production

FSH produces inhibin, which decreases FSH secretion

high testosterone levels decreases LH and GnRH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the accessory male sex glands and their contribution to semen?

A

Seminal Vessicles - Left and Right, posterior base of bladder, 60% of volume. Rich in fructose

Prostate Gland - Base of bladder, 30% of volume, Alkaline solution to protect sperm from acidic environment of the vagina

Bulbourethral glands - beneath prostate on either side of membranal urethra. Alkaline fluid to neutralize urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is semen?

A

A transport medium that protects and activates sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

Decrease cervical mucous viscosity and stimulates reverse peristalsis in the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How much semen is ejaculated versus how much sperm?

A

2-5ml
Contains 20-150 million sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the anatomical characteristics of the penis?

A

Contains a urethra and 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue

The corpus spongiosum expands to keep urethra open

The corpora cavernosa keeps the penis erect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the difference between the two phases of male sexual response?

A

Erection - Enlargement and stiffening of erectile tissue with blood. Vasodilation of corpus cavernosa is caused by PSNS

Ejaculation - Propulsion of semen by SNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the two parts of ejaculation?

A

Emission - ducts and accessory organs rapidly contracting, bladder sphincter constricts

Expulsion - Muscles at the base of the penis undergo rapid contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What happens in utero concerning oogenesis?

A

All oogonia complete mitosis and become primary oocytes, they begin meiosis but arrest at prophase I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How many oocytes complete meiosis I?

A

About 400/250,000 primaries present at puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the primordial follicle?

A

A layer of simple squamous cells surrounding primary oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens during puberty concerning oogenesis?

A

A primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle (cuboidal cells), which enlarges when antrum expands with fluid to become a Graafian follicle (these cells will become corpus luteum after expulsion of secondary oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How is a secondary oocyte made?

A

A primary oocyte is activates and completes meiosis I but its unequal distribution of cytoplasm causes production of a secondary oocyte and a first polar body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

True or false. All secondary oocytes go through meiosis ii

A

False. They only complete meiosis II if they are fertilized, otherwise arrest at metaphase II and are ovulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What happens when an ovulated secondary oocyte is fertilized?

A

A sperm cell merges with it and it completes meiosis II, yielding a secondary polar body and one large ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How many genomes are in a daughter cell?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many chromatids are in each chromosome?

A

2

46
Q

What has to happen to chromosomes before cell division?

A

Replication

47
Q

How many gametes are in a cell at the end of each metaphase?

A

Metaphase I: 1
Metaphase II: 1

48
Q

How many chromatids per chromosome in a cell during each metaphase?

A

MetPhase I: 4
Metaphase II: 2

49
Q

How many chromatids per chromosome in a finished gamete? How many genomes?

A

1

50
Q

How many types of gametes result from a 2n cell with X chromomoes?

A

2n to the n/2 power

ie 4=2 squared = 4, 6 = 2 cubed = 8, 46 = 2 to the 23rd = 8 trillion

51
Q

How many chromosomes would a human gamete have that resulted from meiosis with non-disjunction of one of the chromosome pairs?

A

22 or 24

52
Q

What percentage of female ova will have X chromosomes?

A

100%

53
Q

What percent of male sperm will have Y chromosomes?

A

50%. 50% will have X

54
Q

If neurons can’t divide, what type of cells produce brain tumors?

A

Glial cells

55
Q

What term refers to all the gene alleles one has?

A

Genotype

56
Q

What terms refers to all expressed alleles?

A

Phenotype

57
Q

What are different versions of the same gene?

A

Alleles

58
Q

What kind of chromosome contains alleles, with one gene on each chromosome in the pair?

A

Homologous

59
Q

In order for an individual to express a recessive trait, what must be true about that individual?

A

They must have a homozygous chromosome with two recessive alleles

60
Q

When does chiasmata (crossing over) occur?

A

Metaphase I and prophase I

61
Q

What kind if genetic variation produces the uniqueness seen by the combination of a particular female and particular make gamete?

A

Random fertilization

62
Q

What is a permanent transmissible change to the DNA coding sequence caused by environmental factors?

A

Mutation

63
Q

What kind of genetic variation causes various combinations of homologous chromosomes from paternal and maternal lineage within a haploid cell?

A

Independent Assortment

64
Q

What kind of inheritance most often results in a recessive trait, expressed more often i. males than in females?

A

Sex-Linked Recessive Inheritance

65
Q

What kind of inheritance results in continuous phenotype variations between two extremes (ex. skin color)

A

Polygenic Inheritance

66
Q

Blood type is the result of what kind of inheritance?

A

Multiple Allele Inheritance

67
Q

Sickle cell anemia is an example of this kind of inheritance, where heterozygote had an intermediate between a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive?

A

Dominant-Recessive

68
Q

What kind of inheritance is expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene, ig albinism?

A

Incomplete Dominance

69
Q

What is an autosomal codominant allele?

A

Neither gene is dominant over the other and both are expressed

70
Q

What two events happen during Prophase I?

A

Maternal and paternal DNA get mixed
Nuclear envelope starts to break down

71
Q

What pituitary hormone stimulates interstitial cells to make testosterone?

A

LH

72
Q

What hormone affects sustentacular cells to make inhibin and anti-Mullerian hormone?

A

FSH

73
Q

What is ABP important for?

A

Increasing spermatogenic cells’ ability to bind to testosterone

74
Q

At what stage of meiosis do chromosomes align in the spindle equator in homologous pairs?

A

Metaphase

75
Q

Primary oocytes are haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

76
Q

Secondary oocytes are haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

77
Q

Follicles rely on a steady supply of what hormone to develop?

A

Estrogen

78
Q

Developing follicles produce what hormone?

A

Estrogen

79
Q

What hormone exerts a negative feedback loop on LH production in oogenesis?

A

Inhibin

80
Q

When estrogen levels reach a certain concentration it exerts a positive feedback on LH production, causing what?

A

An LH surge, followed by ovulation

81
Q

What cells directly surround an oocyte in the secondary and vesticular follicles?

A

Thecal cells

82
Q

What is the the remnant of the vesticular follicle after ovulation called? What foes it secrete?

A

The corpus luteum; progesterone

83
Q

What hormone increases during the follicular (proliferative) phase?

A

Estrogen?

84
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

A secondary oocyte is expelled from the ovary where it is swept by fimbriae into the Fallopian tubes to be implanted in the uterine wall

85
Q

When are ovarian hormones at their lowest?

A

The beginning of the menstrual phase, this is what triggers menstruation

86
Q

What causes embryonic female ducts to disappear in a male embryo?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone

87
Q

What is the female copulatory organ?

A

Vagina

88
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The recess containing the opening of the vagina and uterus

89
Q

What secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening?

A

The greater vestibular gland

90
Q

What moves oocytes or a fertilized ovum toward the uterus?

A

Uterine tube

91
Q

What is the process of developing haploid sperm?

A

Spermatogenesis

92
Q

What is the process by which sperm grow and develop?

A

Spermiogenesis

93
Q

What stores sperm and moves it to the ductus deferens?

A

Epididymis

94
Q

What transports semen out of the penis?

A

The utethra

95
Q

What gland secretes an alkaline substance with anticoagulants?

A

Prostate gland

96
Q

What stores sperm and moves it to the ejaculatory duct?

A

Ductus deferens

97
Q

The absence/presence of what protein/gene causes sec determination?

A

SRY, on the Y chromosome

98
Q

What are the bipotential tissues, what do they become?

A

Genital tubercle> gland penis/clitoris
Urethral groove/fols > shaft of penis/labia minora
Labioscrotal fold > shaft of penis & Scrotum/labia majora
Gonad cortex> —/Ovaries
Gonad Medula > Testes/—

99
Q

When is the functional zone of the endometrium restored?

A

The proliferarice phase of menses

100
Q

The process of spermiogenesis produces what?

A

Soermatozoa

101
Q

True or false: Semen contains prostaglandins, seminal fluid, fibrinogen, and spermatogonia.

A

False. Spermatozoa, not spermatogonia

102
Q

What form if sexual differentiation results in short stature, a broad cheat, webbed neck, CV/kidney disorders, and female genetalia?

A

Turner’s Syndrome

103
Q

What form of sexual differentiation results in tall stature. female contours, breast development, male genetalia, and infertility?

A

Klenifelter’s

104
Q

Both male and female genetalia are present in what sexual abnormality?

A

True hermpahoditism

105
Q

In what sexual differentiation do the gonads match the chromosomal sex but external genetalia are the opposite?

A

Psuedohermamphroditism

106
Q

During what phase of menstruation is progesterone dominant?

A

Secretory phase

107
Q

During what phase of menstruation does cervical mucus get thinner?

A

Proliferative phase

108
Q

Are all of the following statements true?
-Oogenesis begins before birth
-Ova develop from stem cells called oogonia
-By birth females have already lost about 80% of embryos

A

Yes

109
Q

A rise in blood levels of FSH at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for what?

A

Follicle maturation

110
Q

How does ejaculation happen?

A

Sympathetic stimulation causes
peristaltic contractions of the the ampulla and contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscle

111
Q

A primary spermatid matures into how many spermatids?

A

4, each containing 23 chromosomes

Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions