Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > CNS/ANS > Flashcards

CNS/ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is grey matter ?

A

“Nuclei” in cortices, ganglia outside CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is white matter?

A

Tracts in CNS, nerves outside CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The brain weighs about 1/70th of the body but receives _____% of the blood

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different tracts?

A

Projection - Low <—-> High
Association - Short connections
Commisural - L. Hemisphere <–> R. Hemisphere (largest is corpus collosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do tracts do?

A

Connect one part of the CNS to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is the CNS protected?

A

Bone (skull, vertebrae)
Layer of Meninges
Epidural Space
Dura matter
Subdural space
Arachnoid Matter
Subarachnoid space – where CSF is
Pia Matter (touches sulci of brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and what does it do?

A

In the subarachnoid space

Gives buoyancy to brain and spinal cord so they are not damaged by their own weight

Cushions and protects
Blood Brain Barrier
Transports Materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier and what is its purpose?

A

Maintains a constant environment for the brain by being extremely selective

Created by the foot processes of astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What material can pass the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Lipid Solubles, Glucose, select ions and aminos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the metabolic requirements of the brain?

A

A constant supply of oxygen and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How and why is glucose transported to the brain?

A

How - via plasma by insulin-independent membrane transporters

Why - for ATP

Note: This is why hypoglycemia leads to death and confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Epithalamus (pineal gland)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus (pituitary gland)
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can the brain be modified?

A

Use-dependent competition (neuroplasticity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functional areas of the brain?

A

Sensory Area
Motor Area
Association Areas (al the rest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Shat is the cerebral cortex made out of?

A

Grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex highly convoluted?

A

(Ask for clarification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 2 channels opening cause an IPSP?

A

Chloride (-) and Potassium (+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the term for action potential conduction on myelinated fibers?

A

Saltatory conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What NT causes vessel dilation and erectile tissue enlargement?

A

Nitric Oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the lower motor neuron found?

A

The ventral/anterior horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the effectors of the system that passes through the ventral/anterior horn of the spinal column?

A

Skeletal Muscles (It’s the motor system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the somatosensory modalities?

A

Touch, Pain, Pressure, Temperature, Proprioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for personality?

A

Prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the specific location of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order sensory neurons?

A

1st: Dorsal Root Ganglion
2nd: Dorsal Horn
3rd: Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What part of the brain tells the hypothalamus to fight or flight?

A

Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which is the language area deficit where a victim can speak but does not know they are not making sense?

A

Wernicke’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is the SCN names the way it is?

A

The Suprachiasmic Nucleus is a nucleus on top of (supra) the optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the SCN make and secrete that is relevant to its function?

A

Meltonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do Afferent neurons transmit?

A

Sensory Information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do efferent neurons transmit?

A

Motor impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the corticospinal tract transmit?

A

Motor informarion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What cells form myelin sheaths?

A

Schwann cells in PNS
oligodendrocites in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

From where do somatic instructions originate?

A

The primary motor cortex of the prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Excessive function of what brain region causes excessive muscle tone and mask face?

A

Basal Nuclei (the disease is Parkinson’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Damage to the hippocampus would result in what?

A

memory loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons?

A

The precentral gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where are the lower motor neurons?

A

Anterior/Ventral Horns of the spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

The Parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the cleanup crew cells of the CNS?

A

Microglial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Damage to what structure may cause a coma?

A

Reticular Formation

41
Q

What is the body’s clock?

A

The Suprachiasmic Nucleus

42
Q

What spinal damage causes paraplegia?

A

Thoracic 1 down

43
Q

What spinal damage causes quadriplegia?

44
Q

What causes motor aphasia?

A

Damage to Broca’s area

45
Q

What enzyme breaks down catecholamines?

A

Monoamine oxidase

46
Q

What breaks down ACh?

A

Acetylcholinase

47
Q

What causes vesicles to move to the synaptic cleft?

A

AP moves down the presynaptic neuron, depolarizing the axon, opening up voltage gated Ca2+ channels then Ca2+ flows into the axon, releasing vesicles into the synaptic cleft

48
Q

What types of transmission uses the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain and temperature

49
Q

What NT is used in almost all neuromuscular junctions?

A

Acetylcholine

50
Q

What brain region receives input from proprioceptors, visual receptors, and other sensory regions in order to do its job

A

The cerebellum

51
Q

What are the the three voltage-gates channels that open during an AP (in order)

A

Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)

52
Q

What are the class of receptors that ACh can bind to?

A

Muscarinic receptors

53
Q

What type of channel is mostly found on cell bodies and dendrites?

A

Ligand-gates channels

54
Q

What controls the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus

55
Q

What is meant by dual innervation?

A

An organ receives an input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions for a variety of functions and precise control.

Ex. The heart: parasymp decrease hr; symp increase

56
Q

What organs, tissues, and glands are innervated only by sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sweat glands, arrector pili. blood vessels

57
Q

What major cranial nerve carries PSNS teansmission through abdominal and throaci cavities?

A

Vagus Nerve

58
Q

What class of drugs affects the SNS?

A

Sympathomimetic

59
Q

Give an example of a sympathomimetic drug and its effects

A

Tricyclic antidepressants: prolong the effects of norepinephrine on postsynaptic membranes

60
Q

What class of drug decreases the effects of the SNS?

A

Sympatholytic

61
Q

Name a sympatholytic drug and its effects

A

Beta blockers block cardiac B1 receptors which decreases HR and blood pressure

62
Q

What is the class if drugs that decrease the effects of the PSNS?

A

Parasympatholytic

63
Q

Name a parasympatholietic drug and its effects

A

Atropine dampens the PSNS by blocking a muscarinic receptors. Increases heart tate and urinary retention

64
Q

What receptor increases HR?
What is its neurotransmitter?
What division of the ANS?

A

B1
NE/epinephrine
SNS

65
Q

What receptor type decreases HR?
What is the neurotransmitter?
What division is involved?
What nerve is involved?

A

Muscarinic
ACh
Vagus
PSNS

66
Q

What receptor decreases (constricts) blood vessels? What NT? What division?

A

A1
NE/epinephrine
SNS

67
Q

Blocking the re uptake of what js a function of SSRI anti-depressants

68
Q

What important ANS reflex center works closely with the hypothalamus?

A

Brain stem

69
Q

Why are the effects if the SNS more widespread?

A

Fight or flight is a “whole body” response so more systems and tissues are affected by it

70
Q

Why are the effects of the SNS longer?

A

Norepinephrine is inactivated much more slowly than ACh and remains circulating until it is destroyed by the liver

71
Q

What receptor type dilates bronchioles?

72
Q

What is the biggest nerve of the PSNS?

73
Q

Which ANS div increases heart rate?

A

Sympathetic

74
Q

Which ANS div decreases HR?

A

Parasympathetic

75
Q

Which ANS division moves extrinsic eye to scan the horizon?

76
Q

Which ANS division increases the release of lacrimal secretions from the eye?

A

Parasympathetic

77
Q

Which ANS dic decreases saliva secretion?

A

Sympathetic

78
Q

Which ANS dic dilates/relaxes bronchiolar smooth muscles?

A

Sympathetic

79
Q

Which ANS div increases bladder contraction?

A

Parasympathetic

80
Q

Which ANS div causes an increase in sweating?

A

Sympathetic

81
Q

Which ANS div decreases digestive secretions and motility?

A

Sympathetic

82
Q

What ANS system causes hepatocytes to break down glycogen and release glucose?

A

Sympathetic

83
Q

What ANS division causes storage of fats and sugars

A

Parasympathetic

84
Q

What ANS division increases lipolysis?

A

Sympathetic

85
Q

What ANS division causes the lens to change shape for distance vision?

A

Sympathetic

86
Q

What ANS division causes an increase in digestive motility and secretion?

A

Parasympathetic

87
Q

What ANS system decreases vessel diameter in limbs, body wall, reproductive viscera?

A

Sympathetic

88
Q

What division of the ANS controls contraction of CIRCULAR muscles of iris (pupil constriction)

A

Parasympathetic

89
Q

What division of the ANS controls contraction of the RADIAL muscles of the iris (pupil dilation)?

A

Sympathetic

90
Q

Which division of the ANS controls the cilliary body muscle?

A

Parasympathetic

91
Q

Which division of the ANS uses ONLY muscarinic receptors at effectors?

A

Neither :P

92
Q

Which division of the ANS uses muscarnic receptors at ganglia?

93
Q

Which division of the ANS uses both muscarinic and adrenergic receptors?

A

Sympathetic

94
Q

Which division of the ANS uses alpha receptors at ganglia?

A

Synpathetic

95
Q

Which division if the ANS uses adrenergic receptors at ganglia?

96
Q

Which division of the ANS causes release of nitric oxide at erectile arteries?

97
Q

Which division of the ANS dominates during ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic

98
Q

Which division if the ANS increases salivary gland secretions?

A

Parasympathetic

99
Q

Which division of the ANS is responsible for the activation of the adrenal medulla?

A

Sympathetic

Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions