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Physiology > CNS/ANS > Flashcards

CNS/ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is grey matter ?

A

“Nuclei” in cortices, ganglia outside CNS

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2
Q

Where is white matter?

A

Tracts in CNS, nerves outside CNS

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3
Q

The brain weighs about 1/70th of the body but receives _____% of the blood

A

20

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4
Q

What are the different tracts?

A

Projection - Low <—-> High
Association - Short connections
Commisural - L. Hemisphere <–> R. Hemisphere (largest is corpus collosum

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5
Q

What do tracts do?

A

Connect one part of the CNS to another

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6
Q

How is the CNS protected?

A

Bone (skull, vertebrae)
Layer of Meninges
Epidural Space
Dura matter
Subdural space
Arachnoid Matter
Subarachnoid space – where CSF is
Pia Matter (touches sulci of brain)

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7
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and what does it do?

A

In the subarachnoid space

Gives buoyancy to brain and spinal cord so they are not damaged by their own weight

Cushions and protects
Blood Brain Barrier
Transports Materials

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8
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier and what is its purpose?

A

Maintains a constant environment for the brain by being extremely selective

Created by the foot processes of astrocytes

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9
Q

What material can pass the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Lipid Solubles, Glucose, select ions and aminos

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10
Q

What are the metabolic requirements of the brain?

A

A constant supply of oxygen and glucose

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11
Q

How and why is glucose transported to the brain?

A

How - via plasma by insulin-independent membrane transporters

Why - for ATP

Note: This is why hypoglycemia leads to death and confusion

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12
Q

What are the regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Epithalamus (pineal gland)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus (pituitary gland)
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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13
Q

How can the brain be modified?

A

Use-dependent competition (neuroplasticity)

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14
Q

What are the functional areas of the brain?

A

Sensory Area
Motor Area
Association Areas (al the rest)

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15
Q

Shat is the cerebral cortex made out of?

A

Grey matter

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16
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex highly convoluted?

A

(Ask for clarification)

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17
Q

What 2 channels opening cause an IPSP?

A

Chloride (-) and Potassium (+)

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18
Q

What is the term for action potential conduction on myelinated fibers?

A

Saltatory conduction

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19
Q

What NT causes vessel dilation and erectile tissue enlargement?

A

Nitric Oxide

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20
Q

Where is the lower motor neuron found?

A

The ventral/anterior horn

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21
Q

What are the effectors of the system that passes through the ventral/anterior horn of the spinal column?

A

Skeletal Muscles (It’s the motor system)

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22
Q

What are the somatosensory modalities?

A

Touch, Pain, Pressure, Temperature, Proprioception

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23
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for personality?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

What is the specific location of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order sensory neurons?

A

1st: Dorsal Root Ganglion
2nd: Dorsal Horn
3rd: Thalamus

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25
Q

What part of the brain tells the hypothalamus to fight or flight?

A

Cortex

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26
Q

Which is the language area deficit where a victim can speak but does not know they are not making sense?

A

Wernicke’s area

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27
Q

Why is the SCN names the way it is?

A

The Suprachiasmic Nucleus is a nucleus on top of (supra) the optic chiasm

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28
Q

What does the SCN make and secrete that is relevant to its function?

A

Meltonin

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29
Q

What do Afferent neurons transmit?

A

Sensory Information

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30
Q

What do efferent neurons transmit?

A

Motor impulses

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31
Q

What does the corticospinal tract transmit?

A

Motor informarion

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32
Q

What cells form myelin sheaths?

A

Schwann cells in PNS
oligodendrocites in CNS

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33
Q

From where do somatic instructions originate?

A

The primary motor cortex of the prefrontal cortex

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34
Q

Excessive function of what brain region causes excessive muscle tone and mask face?

A

Basal Nuclei (the disease is Parkinson’s)

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35
Q

Damage to the hippocampus would result in what?

A

memory loss

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36
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons?

A

The precentral gyrus

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37
Q

Where are the lower motor neurons?

A

Anterior/Ventral Horns of the spinal column

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38
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

The Parietal lobe

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39
Q

What are the cleanup crew cells of the CNS?

A

Microglial cells

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40
Q

Damage to what structure may cause a coma?

A

Reticular Formation

41
Q

What is the body’s clock?

A

The Suprachiasmic Nucleus

42
Q

What spinal damage causes paraplegia?

A

Thoracic 1 down

43
Q

What spinal damage causes quadriplegia?

A

C1 down

44
Q

What causes motor aphasia?

A

Damage to Broca’s area

45
Q

What enzyme breaks down catecholamines?

A

Monoamine oxidase

46
Q

What breaks down ACh?

A

Acetylcholinase

47
Q

What causes vesicles to move to the synaptic cleft?

A

AP moves down the presynaptic neuron, depolarizing the axon, opening up voltage gated Ca2+ channels then Ca2+ flows into the axon, releasing vesicles into the synaptic cleft

48
Q

What types of transmission uses the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain and temperature

49
Q

What NT is used in almost all neuromuscular junctions?

A

Acetylcholine

50
Q

What brain region receives input from proprioceptors, visual receptors, and other sensory regions in order to do its job

A

The cerebellum

51
Q

What are the the three voltage-gates channels that open during an AP (in order)

A

Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)

52
Q

What are the class of receptors that ACh can bind to?

A

Muscarinic receptors

53
Q

What type of channel is mostly found on cell bodies and dendrites?

A

Ligand-gates channels

54
Q

What controls the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus

55
Q

What is meant by dual innervation?

A

An organ receives an input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions for a variety of functions and precise control.

Ex. The heart: parasymp decrease hr; symp increase

56
Q

What organs, tissues, and glands are innervated only by sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sweat glands, arrector pili. blood vessels

57
Q

What major cranial nerve carries PSNS teansmission through abdominal and throaci cavities?

A

Vagus Nerve

58
Q

What class of drugs affects the SNS?

A

Sympathomimetic

59
Q

Give an example of a sympathomimetic drug and its effects

A

Tricyclic antidepressants: prolong the effects of norepinephrine on postsynaptic membranes

60
Q

What class of drug decreases the effects of the SNS?

A

Sympatholytic

61
Q

Name a sympatholytic drug and its effects

A

Beta blockers block cardiac B1 receptors which decreases HR and blood pressure

62
Q

What is the class if drugs that decrease the effects of the PSNS?

A

Parasympatholytic

63
Q

Name a parasympatholietic drug and its effects

A

Atropine dampens the PSNS by blocking a muscarinic receptors. Increases heart tate and urinary retention

64
Q

What receptor increases HR?
What is its neurotransmitter?
What division of the ANS?

A

B1
NE/epinephrine
SNS

65
Q

What receptor type decreases HR?
What is the neurotransmitter?
What division is involved?
What nerve is involved?

A

Muscarinic
ACh
Vagus
PSNS

66
Q

What receptor decreases (constricts) blood vessels? What NT? What division?

A

A1
NE/epinephrine
SNS

67
Q

Blocking the re uptake of what js a function of SSRI anti-depressants

A

Seratonin

68
Q

What important ANS reflex center works closely with the hypothalamus?

A

Brain stem

69
Q

Why are the effects if the SNS more widespread?

A

Fight or flight is a “whole body” response so more systems and tissues are affected by it

70
Q

Why are the effects of the SNS longer?

A

Norepinephrine is inactivated much more slowly than ACh and remains circulating until it is destroyed by the liver

71
Q

What receptor type dilates bronchioles?

A

B2

72
Q

What is the biggest nerve of the PSNS?

A

Vagus

73
Q

Which ANS div increases heart rate?

A

Sympathetic

74
Q

Which ANS div decreases HR?

A

Parasympathetic

75
Q

Which ANS division moves extrinsic eye to scan the horizon?

A

Neither

76
Q

Which ANS division increases the release of lacrimal secretions from the eye?

A

Parasympathetic

77
Q

Which ANS dic decreases saliva secretion?

A

Sympathetic

78
Q

Which ANS dic dilates/relaxes bronchiolar smooth muscles?

A

Sympathetic

79
Q

Which ANS div increases bladder contraction?

A

Parasympathetic

80
Q

Which ANS div causes an increase in sweating?

A

Sympathetic

81
Q

Which ANS div decreases digestive secretions and motility?

A

Sympathetic

82
Q

What ANS system causes hepatocytes to break down glycogen and release glucose?

A

Sympathetic

83
Q

What ANS division causes storage of fats and sugars

A

Parasympathetic

84
Q

What ANS division increases lipolysis?

A

Sympathetic

85
Q

What ANS division causes the lens to change shape for distance vision?

A

Sympathetic

86
Q

What ANS division causes an increase in digestive motility and secretion?

A

Parasympathetic

87
Q

What ANS system decreases vessel diameter in limbs, body wall, reproductive viscera?

A

Sympathetic

88
Q

What division of the ANS controls contraction of CIRCULAR muscles of iris (pupil constriction)

A

Parasympathetic

89
Q

What division of the ANS controls contraction of the RADIAL muscles of the iris (pupil dilation)?

A

Sympathetic

90
Q

Which division of the ANS controls the cilliary body muscle?

A

Parasympathetic

91
Q

Which division of the ANS uses ONLY muscarinic receptors at effectors?

A

Neither :P

92
Q

Which division of the ANS uses muscarnic receptors at ganglia?

A

Neither

93
Q

Which division of the ANS uses both muscarinic and adrenergic receptors?

A

Sympathetic

94
Q

Which division of the ANS uses alpha receptors at ganglia?

A

Synpathetic

95
Q

Which division if the ANS uses adrenergic receptors at ganglia?

A

Neither

96
Q

Which division of the ANS causes release of nitric oxide at erectile arteries?

A

PNS

97
Q

Which division of the ANS dominates during ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic

98
Q

Which division if the ANS increases salivary gland secretions?

A

Parasympathetic

99
Q

Which division of the ANS is responsible for the activation of the adrenal medulla?

A

Sympathetic

Physiology (17 decks)

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