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Physiology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 Lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, MALTs, spleen, thymus, bone marrow

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2
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucuous-associated lymphoid tissue

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3
Q

What is immunity?

A

Resistance to disease

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4
Q

What two immune systems does the body have?

A

Innate and Aquired

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5
Q

This system includes physical barriers, phagocytes, complement proteins

A

The Innate

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6
Q

This system includes antibody production, cytokine production, and cell-mediated apoptosis

A

Acquired

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7
Q

Part of the 1st Line of Defense, includes tears, mucus membranes, and the skin

A

Barriers

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8
Q

What is the 2nd line of defense

A

Cells and chemicals in the innate system. Includes phagocytes, Natural Killer (NK) Cells, antimicrobial proteins (such as interferons and complements) and fever

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9
Q

Proteins produced by an infected cell that cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins

A

Interferons

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10
Q

A pathogen that uses receptor-mediates endocytosis to enter a cell then hijacks ribosoma machinery

A

Viruses

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11
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The term for when erythrocytes get bound up with antibodies

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12
Q

What two types of molecules can bind to an invader or an incorrect ABO cell type to help macrophages consume them?

A

Toll-like receptors & Opsonin

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13
Q

What is the the technical name for the immune process that helps the body identify and destroy harmful parasites by binding to them

A

Opsonization

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14
Q

What is the key immune cell that helps prevent microbes getting past the epidermis?

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

The protein filament that prevents microbes getting past the epidermis

A

Keratin

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16
Q

Where do T cells typically get activated?

A

Secondary Lymph Organs (the spleen, lymph)

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17
Q

What cells activate T cells?

A

Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

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18
Q

What activates T cells

A

Binding with antigen-presenting cells (APC)

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19
Q

What typically activates B Cells?

A

Helper T Cells

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20
Q

What macrophage secretion raises body temperature at the hypothalamus to create fever?

A

Pyrogens

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21
Q

If a cell lacks MHCs what kind of cell might kill them?

A

Natural Killer Cells

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22
Q

The name for migration activity by a neutrophil, eg, when it is motivated to move toward the area of an injury

A

Chemotaxis

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23
Q

The temporary binding and unbinding to sticky endothelial cells adhesion molecules

A

Margination

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24
Q

The process of a cell entering injured or infected tissue from the capillary

A

Diapedesis

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25
Q

Proteins responsible for displaying antigens to immune cells

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHCs)

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26
Q

The process by which antibodies block all binding sites on a virus or harmful toxin

A

Neutralization

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27
Q

The proteins secreted by plasma B Cells

A

Antibodies aka Immunoglobulins

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28
Q

Antibodies that react to specific surface antigens on red blood cells

A

IgM

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29
Q

The clumping of RBCs that occurs when incompatible blood is mixed

A

Agglutination

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30
Q

An elevated level of neutrophils in the blood might indicate infection with what?

A

Microorganisms (bacteria & fungi)

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31
Q

These cells do not recognize cancer cells or abnormal cells by their antigen but rather by the absence of the self antigen

A

Natural Killer Cells

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32
Q

A group of 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state

A

Complement proteins

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33
Q

When activated MAC lyse micros using the cell membrane to do what?

A

Form pores, mark cells for phagocytosis, promote inflammation

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34
Q

Microbial proteins that interfere with viral replication

A

Interferons

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35
Q

What kind of cell mediates the humoral response?

A

B Cells

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36
Q

What are the two types of B Cells?

A

Plasma Cells, which produce antibodies
Memory Cells

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37
Q

The cellular immune response is mediated by what type of cell?

A

T Cells

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38
Q

What are the two types of T Cells?

A

Cytotoxic T Cells
Helper T Cells

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39
Q

What kind of cells are able to bind with antigens on cell membranes to then produce perforins and granzymes?

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

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40
Q

What cells punch holes in the cell membranes of microorganisms

A

Perforins

41
Q

What kind if cells induce apoptosis?

A

Granzymes

42
Q

This kind of immunity involves antibodies passed from one person to another

A

Humoral

43
Q

This kind of immunity involves an intracellular pathogen such as a virus

A

Cell Mediated

44
Q

These cells have already been activated by an antigen and are primed and ready for action during primary response

A

Memory B Cells

45
Q

What is the specific part of the antigen that the antibody or lymphocyte receptor binds to

A

Antigenic determinant or epitope

46
Q

What kind of cells do T cells activate?

A

B Cells and Cytotoxic Cells

47
Q

Name an autoimmune disease and the tissue it targets

A

Multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath of axons

48
Q

Where does the Rh in Rh antibody come from?

A

Rhesus monkeys

49
Q

True or False: If a cell posses a particular ABO Antigen the plasma will have the corresponding antibody

A

False, they will have the opposite

50
Q

When does blood obtain Rh antibodies

A

After being exposed to Rh+ blood

51
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

52
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

O -, because it lacks A, B, and Rh surface antigens.

53
Q

A woman has agglutination with anti-B and anti-Rh antibody, what is her blood type?

A

A+

54
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response

55
Q

True or False: The two immune systems are completely separate

A

False. They are interconnected and interdependent

56
Q

What are the characteristics of the innate immunity?

A

Non-specific, localized, short-lived

57
Q

What are the characteristics of acquired immunity?

A

Specific, systemic, take time, long lasting

58
Q

What substances is keratin resistant to?

A

Weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, toxins thanks to protective substances: lipids in sebum, skin acidity, dermicidin in sweat

59
Q

What part if the first line of defense is negatively affected by smoking?

A

One-way cilia of the upper respiratory tract are destroyed

60
Q

What does a cell become after it engulfs a bacteria?

A

A vessicle

61
Q

What triggers a macrophage to phagocytize something?

A

Toll-Like Receptors

62
Q

What is inflammation? What are its signs?

A

A triggered response to to physical injury or infection. Characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and heat

63
Q

Why is inflammation helpful to the body?

A

Localized vasodilation and hyperemia (heat) increases metabolism and allows chemical reactions to occur faster. Capillaries become leaky, allowing for rapid leukocytosis

64
Q

What is the benefits of pain?

A

Increased awareness of and therefore protection of an area

65
Q

What are the three steps of leukocytosis?

A
  1. Neutrophils enter the blood from bone marrow
  2. Margination: Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
  3. Diapedesis: Neutrophils flatten, squeeze out and walk on pseudopods
66
Q

What releases antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complements)

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils

67
Q

Where do B lymphocytes become immunocompetent?

A

Bone marrow

68
Q

What is negative/positive selection?

A

In the thymus T cells that are anti-self are eliminated and T cels with a weak response to self-antigens are selected

69
Q

What is the difference between B and T Cells in the kinds of cells they attack?

A

B - Extracellular
T - Intracellular

70
Q

What does “immunocompetent” mean?

A

The capacity to produce a normal immune response and bind to a specific antigen

71
Q

What is the first part of the humoral immune response?

A

Antigen challenge: an antigen and a naive lymphocyte encounter for the first time, usually in a secondary lymph organ.

72
Q

What happens when a B cell matches its antigen?

A

Clonal selection (make a bunch more) and most become plasma cells to make antibodies. Some become memory cells and live in the body for second exposure

73
Q

What is the shape of an antibody?

A

Y-shapes proteins with variable regions at the tip of each arm that bind to specific targets and no other determanents

74
Q

IgM

A

Pentamer (5-Ys), first antibody released
Potent agglutinator. Activates complement proteins

75
Q

IgA

A

aka” secretory immunoglobulin”: not found in plasma, found in mucus and secretions

Monomer or Dimer
Exists in semen and intestines, but not blood
Helps prevent entry of pathogens

76
Q

IgD

A

Monomer attached to the surface of B cells
Functions as B cell receptor

77
Q

IgG

A

Monomer
70-80% of all antibodies in plasma
Secondary and late reaponses
Can cross placental barrier

78
Q

IgE

A

Monomer
Active in some allergies, parasites
Causes Mast cells and basophils to release histamine
Causes hypersensitivities

79
Q

Membrane Attack Complex

A

Binding to and lysing of a cell by complement proteins

80
Q

What is the clumping of antigens called?

A

Precipitation

81
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

Cellular differentiation and proliferation; occurs after first exposure to an antigen

humoral AND intercellular

82
Q

How long does it rake plasma antibody levels to peak

A

10 days after a lag period of 3-6 days

83
Q

What happens during the secondary immune response?

A

Memory cells respond within hours, levels peak in 2-3 days. Antibodies remain much longer (weeks or months)

84
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Vaccination

85
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Injection of immunoglobulin serums

86
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

An abnormal, vigorous (overactive) immune response to a perceived threat that is otherwise harmless

87
Q

What is the difference between immunities for hypersensitivies?

A

Antibodies (humoral) cause immediate, subacute hypersensitivities

T Cells cause delayed hypersensitivity

88
Q

Describe Type 1 Allergic Reactions (Allergic)

A

Allergies & Asthma
Occurs within seconds-30 minutes
IgE attaches to Mast cells
Mast cells release histamine
Histamine causes inflammation and itching
Body release leukotrine aka “slow reactive substance”
Leukotrine causes smooth muscle contractions in airways

Treat with anti-histamines, leukotriene blockers

89
Q

Describe Anaphylactic Shock (Type 1 Allergic Reaction)

A

Systemic Reaction, life-threatening
Allergen enters the blood (like via bee sting)
-Constriction of bronchioles
-Sudden vasodilation in all tissues
-Increased capillary permeability (fluid loss)
-Hypotensive shock (low BP)

Treat with epinephrine

90
Q

What causes Subacute Hypersensitivities?

A

IgM and IgG transferred from blood plasma or serum

91
Q

What is a Type 2 Allergic Reaction?

A

Cytotoxic
Antibodies bind to antigens in specific body cells, stimulating phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis

Happens from mismatched blood transfusions

92
Q

What is a Type 3 Allergic Reaction?

A

Immune Complex Hypersensitivity
Ex. Lupus
Antigens are widely distributed throughout the blood
Insoluble agglutinations form
Causes inflammation, cell lysis, death

93
Q

What is a Type 4 Allergic Reaction?

A

Delayed Hypersensitivity
Ex. Poison Ivy/Oak
Cytokines activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

94
Q

What is immunodeficiency?

A

Low production or abnormal function of immune cells

95
Q

What are two examples of immunodeficiencies?

A

SCID - Severe Combined Imm. Disease (Bubble Boy)

AIDS - Acquired Immun. Syndrome

96
Q

What does HIV target?

A

Helper T Cells

97
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

The immune system fails to distinguish between self and non-self

98
Q

What are the 4 different types of Organ Transplants?

A

Autograft: from self
Isograft: from twin
Allograft: other people (not twins)
Xenograft: Animals

99
Q

What do we use to help prevent a graft from being rejectes?

A

Corticosteroid drugs that suppress the inflammatory response AND antiproliferatice drugs (chemo drugs! severe side effects)

Physiology (17 decks)

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