Chemistry

Question 1

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 1

Two oppositely charges ions bonded via their charge

Question 2

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 2

A bond formed when two atoms share an electron. When the atoms share equally, non-polar, when one shares more than others (as in H2O), polar

Question 3

What is a hydrogen bind?

Answer 3

The polarity of water results in weak attractions between neighboring molecules

Question 4

What are the properties of water and why are they beneficial to life?

Answer 4

High heat capacity - requires a lot of energy to increase in temp and releases a lot when it cools. Good for maintaining body temp.

High point of vaporization - When it evaporates it takes heat with it, effective cooling mechanism

Good solvent - Dissolves chemicals

Question 5

Define solution, solvent, and solute

Answer 5

Solution - a liquid of two or more substances evenly mixed

Solvent - the dissolving agent

Solute - the substance being dissolved

Question 6

What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic and ambiphilic?

Answer 6

Hydrophobic - Does not dissolve in water (oils, carbon chains)

Hydrophilic - Dissolves in water (salts, glucose)

Ambiphilic - Molecules that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic (soap, phospholipids)

Question 7

What does dehydration mean? What does hydrolysis mean?

Answer 7

Dehydration - Removes water to form bonds (this is how proteins and lipids are made)

Hydrolysis - Water breaks bond apart

Question 8

What is the difference between an acid, a base, and a buffer?

Answer 8

Acid - a chemical compound that donates H+ ions to a solution

Base - a chemical compound that accepts H+ ions, removing them from a solution

Buffer - Substances that resist pH change by accepting an H+ ion when there is excess and donating when they are depleted from a solution

Question 9

What is the bicarbonate reverse reaction?
Why is it important?

Answer 9

CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3 <–> HCO3 + H+

Bicarbonate is a good pH buffer

Question 10

What is pH?

Answer 10

The concentration of Hydrogenions in a solution. Each pH has a tenfold change in concentration (ie 7 has 10x as much as 6, 8 has 10^2 as 6)

Question 11

What are organic molecules? What are the different types?

Answer 11

Large molecules containing carbon (the exceptions are CO and CO2) that have a “lock and key” shape defining their function

4 Groups: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Question 12

What are monomers/polymers?

Answer 12

A monomer is any molecule that can react with another monomer to form a polymer

Question 13

What are carbohydrates, what is the monomer and what is their monomer ratio?

Answer 13

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen at a 1:2:1
The monomer for carbohydrates are “monosaccharides”

Question 14

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 14

They are biological markers and quick sources of energy

Question 15

What are lipids, what monomers do they contain?

Answer 15

Carbons and Hydrogens that outnumber Oxygens

Question 16

What property is unique to lipids?

Answer 16

They are hydrophobic

Question 17

What are the lipid groups?

Answer 17

Neutral fats (triglycerides)

Unsaturated fatty acids (plant oils, liquid at room temp, less than maximum # of H bonds to C)

Saturated fatty acids (animal fats, solid at room temp, Max number of H-C bonds)

Trans Fat (A hydrogen bond added to an unsaturated fatty acid)

Phospholipids (cell membranes, myelin sheath, hydrophobic lipid tail and hydrophilic phosphate head)

Steroids (Base is a C skeleton of 4 fused rings called cholesterol)

Question 18

What is the monomer for a protein?

Answer 18

Amino acids (of which there are 20)

Question 19

What do proteins contain? What are the types of protein and their functions?

Answer 19

Always C, H, O, and N, sometimes S

Two groups: Fibrous - collagen, elastic fibers, myosin, actin

Globular - Enzymes, hormones, antibodies

Question 20

What are the primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary structures of protein?

Answer 20

Primary - Specific sequence of amino acids
Secondary - Polypeptide folded into a helix or sheet
Tertiary - Sheets and helices folded into 3D globule
Quaternary - Several tertiary structures put together

Question 21

What are the factors that determine protein structure?

Answer 21

A protein’s shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment

Unfavorable temperatures or pH cause the protein to denature and change its shape

Question 22

What are nucleic acids and what do they contain?

Answer 22

RNA, DNA

Genetic information

Question 23

What are the monomers for nucleic acid?

Answer 23

Nucleotides + sugar + phosphate froup

Nucleotides =
Purines (A, G, double carbon ring)
Pyrimidines (T, C, single carbon ring)

Question 24

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Answer 24

Chemical signaling, transferring and storing information and energy, transcription, translation, and replication