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Physiology > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Where is NaHCO3 made?

A

Pancreas, Small intestines, liver

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2
Q

What substance neutralizes chyme as it enters the duodenum?

A

NaHCO3 (Sodium bicarbonate)

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3
Q

Increase of digestive processes is typically signaled by what division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic

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4
Q

Long digestive reflexes are made by what nervous system?

A

Central

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5
Q

Short digestive reflexes are mediated by what branch of the nervous system?

A

Enteric

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6
Q

What are the effects of gastrin?

A

Increases stomach contractility and increases HCl secretion

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7
Q

What hormone decreases stomach contractility?

A

CCK

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8
Q

What vagal neurotransmitter increases H+ secretion?

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

What paracrine signal molecule causes HCl secretion?

A

Histamine

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10
Q

What two things convert pepsinogen to its active form?

A

HCl
An active pepsin initiating autocatalyzing

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11
Q

What organ secretes most of the hydrolytic digestive enzymes?

A

Pancreas

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12
Q

What are the breakdown products of fat before absorption?

A

Glycerol (monoglyceride), fatty acid

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13
Q

What salivary enzyme breaks down starch and glycogen?

A

Salivary amylase

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14
Q

What is the name of the gastric protease and what is its optimal pH range?

A

1.5-2.5

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15
Q

What is the luminal membrane transport mechanism of glucose in the small intestine?

A

Secondary active transport

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16
Q

What sets up glucose absorption?

A

A sodium concentration gradient

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17
Q

What transport mechanism is typically used for monosaccharides at the basolateral membrane?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

What are the enzymes used to complete the very last steps of catabolism of carbohydrates and peptides during absorption?

A

Brush border enzymes

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19
Q

What are the cholesterol-based molecules that increase lipid surface area and water solubility for further digestion?

What is this process called?

A

Bile Salts

Emulsification

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20
Q

What are the structures that transport fat breakdown products on the luminal side of absorptive cells

A

Micelles

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21
Q

What is the packing structure of peptides and fats combined that transport those breakdown products across the basolateral membrane?

A

Chlyomicrons

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22
Q

What part of the lymphatic system is responsible for the absorption of fat and protein byproducts?

A

Lacteals

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23
Q

What are the pancreatic proteases and how are they activated?

A

Trypsin, Chynotrylsin, Procarboxylpeptidase

They are activated by enterochase cleaving their activation peptides

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24
Q

What are two advantages humans receive from their microbiome?

A

Digestive support, with the breakdown of cellulose

Immune support

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25
Q

Besides diverting blood away from the digestive system how does stress negatively affect digestion?

A

Limits motility and rate of HCl production
Cortisol causes breakdown of food already stored in the body

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26
Q

What are the layers if the alimentary canal from deep to superficial?

A

Mucosa (lines the lumen)
Submocasa (areolar CT)
Muscularia externa
Serosa

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27
Q

What GI activities take place in the oral cavity?

A

Ingestion, Propulsion, Mechanical Digestion, Chemical Digestion

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28
Q

What GI activities take place in the esophagus?

A

Propulsion

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29
Q

What GI activities take place in the stomach?

A

Propulsion, Mechanical Digestion, Chemical Digestion

30
Q

What GI activities take place in the small intestine?

A

Absorption, Propulsion, Mechanical Digestion, Chemical Digestion

31
Q

What GI activities take place in the lathe intestine?

A

Absorption, Defecation

32
Q

What is the main form of movement in the small intestine?

A

Segmentation

33
Q

What are the methods for regulation of the digestive tract activity?

A

Autonomous smooth muscle control
Mechanical and chemical stimuli (stretch receptors, osmolarity, presence or absence of substrate)
GI hormones
Extrinsic nerve control (CNS)
Intrinsic nerve control locally (ENS)

34
Q

True or False: Visceral smooth muscle is autonomous and has its own pacemaker cellsz

A

True

35
Q

How does one describe smooth muscle action potentials?

A

Slow Wave Potential

36
Q

True or False: The force and duration of muscle contraction are directly related to the amplitude and frequency of action potentials

A

True

37
Q

What are the long reflexes of the GI Tract?

A

Involve integration with CNS:

Alter muscle/gland activity
Alter levels of hormone secretion
Modify intrinsic activity
Coordinate different parts of the GI (ie chewing food increases gastric secretions)

38
Q

What are the short reflexes of the GI Tract?

A

Involves the enteric nervous system:
Within the GI Tract
Coordinates local activity but can involves the extrinsic nerve because they are linked

39
Q

What does the myenteric plexus control?

A

Motility of the stomach

40
Q

What does the submucosal plexus control?

A

Gastral secretions?

41
Q

What is a paracrine signal?

A

Affects neighboring cells instead of entering the bloodstream

42
Q

What is a gastrointestinal peptide?

A

Digestive hormones that excite or inhibit motility or secretions and act on the brain to trigger hunger or satiety

43
Q

What is the term for chewed food mixed with saliva?

A

Bolus

44
Q

What is saliva made of?

A

97-99% water
Digestive enzymes; salivary amylase and salivary lipse
Mucus
Lysozyme and IgA (antibacterials)

45
Q

What three glands secrete salvia?

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

46
Q

What is the difference between the simple and acquired salivary reflex?

A

Simple: Ingested food triggers barioreceptors and chemoreceptors, triggers salivary center of medulla

Acquired: Thought of food triggers cerebral cortex, triggers same

47
Q

What is the difference between nervous centers for control of saliva

A

PSNS - larger volume, watery, enzyme rich

SYMP - smaller volume, more mucus

48
Q

What structures are involves in swallowing?

A

Tongue, Soft Palate, Pharynx, Esophagus

49
Q

What is the difference between the two deglutition (swallowing) reflexes?

A

Buccal phase - voluntary

Pharyngeal-esophageal - Involuntary

50
Q

How does food enter the stomach?

A

Through the gastroesophageal sphincter

51
Q

What is food called after it is mixed with gastric juices in the stomach?

A

Chyme

52
Q

Besides pepsin, what hormone does the stomach produce and what is its purpose?

A

Intrinsic factor; the absorption of vitamin B12

53
Q

What are the 4 phases of gastric motility?

A

Gastric Filling
Storage
Mixing
Emptying

54
Q

True or False. The most peristaltic contractions happen during gastric storage.

A

False. Little mixing occurs here

55
Q

What causes gastric mixing?

A

Chyme is propelled by the muscular antrum against the closed pyloric sphincter

56
Q

What are the exocrine stomach secretions?

A

Mucus - to protect walls from acid

HCl - from parietal cells

Intrinsic factor - from parietal cells

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase - from Chief cells, becomes pepsin in stomach

57
Q

What hormones inhibit and stimulate gastric acid secretion, respecitively

A

Somatostatin and Gastrin

58
Q

What are the breakdown components of proteins?

A

Peptides then amino acids

59
Q

What are the stimulations of the 3 phases of gastric juice secretion?

A

Cephalic (thought if food, stimulation of taste receptors - vagal nerve)

Gastric (stomach distention activates stretch receptors, rising pH and caffeine activate chemoreceptors and G cells)

Intestinal (presence of low pH stimulates gastrin release)

60
Q

What are the inhibitory impulses of the Gastric Phases?

A

Cephalic (depression causes cerebral cortex to block stimulation)

Gastric (excessive acidity, emotional upset causes SNS to override PSNS)

Intestinal (distention of duodenum, irritants in chyme stimulate entero-gastric reflex)

61
Q

Which controls the rate of stomach emptying: the stomach or the duodenum?

A

Both

62
Q

How long does it take the stomach to empty?

A

4 hoursish

63
Q

What are the gastric factors that increase gastric emptying?

A

The amount of chyme in the stomach (empties at proportional rate)

Fluidity if chyme

Signaling from vagus nerve

Gastrin

64
Q

What are the dudoenal factors that decrease gastric emptying?

A

Fatty chyme
High acidity (chyme has to be complete neutralized)
Hypertonicity
Distention

65
Q

What are the hormonal mechanisms that inhibit gastric motility?

A

Chloecystokinin (CCK) and secretin

66
Q

What is the name of the reflex that closes the pyloric sphincter as the duodenum fills?

A

Enterogastric Reflex

67
Q

Activities of the digestive system are stimulated by what?

A

Intrinsic nerve plexi
hormones
parasymp. impulses
symp. impulses
the contents of the GI tract

68
Q

Salivary glands contain enzymes for the breakdown of what substance?

A

Polysaccharides

69
Q

Is lactase secretes by the pancreas?

A

No

70
Q

What does the gastroileal reflex do?

A

Moves chyme into the colon

71
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Causes the gallbladder to contract, releasing stored bile

72
Q

What does secretin cause?

A

Pancreas to release fluid rich in bicarbonate

Physiology (17 decks)

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