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HBCS1 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Is the larynx part of the upper or lower respiratory system

A

Upper

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2
Q

Functions of the nose (4 pts)

A

sense of smell, warm air, moisten air and trap pathogens

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3
Q

State the order in which air travels through the respiratory system

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Carina
Left & Right Main Bronchus
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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5
Q

How many lobes does each lung have

A

right = 3
Left = 2

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6
Q

Which layer of the pleura is closest to the chest wall?

A

Parietal

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7
Q

Functions of type 2 alveolar cells

A

produces surfactant, prevents collapse, repairs alveolar wall

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8
Q

Conducting Zone

A

interconnecting cavities and tubes inside and outside of the lungs. Responsible for filtering, warming and moistening air

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9
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Tissues where gaseous exchange occurs

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10
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

a mucous membrane, stratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells and goblet cells

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11
Q

Why is the nose being high vascular something we should consider?

A

Epistaxis and potential use of anticoagulant medication - makes it harder to control bleeding

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12
Q

Explain the external structure of the nose

A

supporting bone and hyaline cartilage which is covered by muscle and skin and then lined by a mucous membrane.

There are always 2 openings called external nares which are separated by the septum

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13
Q

Which structures in the nasal cavity are responsible for warming, moistening and filtering

A

Nasal conchae and nasal meatuses

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14
Q

Nasopharynx

A

extends from soft palate and is lined with stratified ciliated columnar epithelium and is responsible for cleaning and filtering air

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15
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) found?

A

Nasopharynx

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16
Q

How long is the pharynx?

A

Approx 13cm in adults

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17
Q

Oropharynx…
1.Extends from
2. Contains
3. Lined with

A

extends from soft palate inferiorly and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils. It is lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the oesophagus at the back and the larynx at the front

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19
Q

How many pieces of cartilage does the larynx have?

A

9

20
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

connected to the hyoid bone by ligaments.

It is 2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage forming the anterior wall of the larynx

21
Q

Epiglottis

A

Attached to the thyroid, decompresses over the respiratory tract when swallowing.

made of elastic fibrocartilage

22
Q

Cricoid

A

Ring of hyaline cartilage and is attached to the first ring of the trachea and the thyroid cartilage

23
Q

The glottis

A

Folds of mucous membrane which form the vocal cords

Narrowest point of the respiratory tract

24
Q

What is the rima glottis?

A

opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilage

25
Q

Trachea

A

Extends from the larynx to around T5
16-20 rings of C shaped cartilage
Carina: site of bifurcation
stratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

4 main layers of cells: mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage and adventitia

26
Q

Differences between the right and left lung

A

The right lung is thicker but shorter as it accomodates the liver, it also has 3 lobes and has a higher volume and total capacity.

The left lung has the cardiac notch and has 2 lobes and lingula

27
Q

2 layers of the pleural membrane

A

Visceral: sits on surface of the lungs
Parietal: attached to the thoracic wall

28
Q

Purpose of the serious fluid in the pleural cavity

A

reduced friction between the pleura

29
Q

Conditions that can arise with the pleural membrane

A

Inflammation: pleurisy or pleuritic pain
Excess Fluid: pleural effusion
Cavity filled with air: pnuemothorax
Cavity filled with blood: Haemothorax

30
Q

Which bronchus is shorter and why is this important to know/consider?

A

The right bronchus is shorter and more vertical - this means intubation attempts may end up in this bronchus and inhaled objects are also more likely to enter the right lung

31
Q

Alveoli overview

A

Kept in shape by elastin and surfactant

cup shaped to increase surface area

Short diffusion pathway - 1 cell thick

32
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells

A

squamous alveolar cells - epithelial
Provide structure
cover 95% of the surface area of the alveolar sacs

33
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

AKA pneumocytes

cuboidal or round shaped
production of surfactant
repair alveoli wall

34
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract (diaphragm flattens)

increased volume = decreased pressure

ribcage moves outwards and upwards

air moves from a high partial pressure (atmosphere - 760mmHg) to a low partial pressure (lungs - 758mmHg)

35
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax (diaphragm returns to dome shape)

decreased volume = increased pressure

ribcage moves inwards and downwards

Air moves from a high partial pressure (lungs - 762mmHg) to a lower partial pressure (atmosphere - 760mmHg)

36
Q

Tidal Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Residual Volume

A

TV: amount of air breathed in and out in a normal breath
IRV: extra volume of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal inspiration
ERV: extra volume of air that can be exhaled after normal tidal expiration
RV: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation

37
Q

Inspiratory Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Vital Capacity
Total Lung Capacity

A

IC: the amount of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort (TV+IRV)
FRC: the amount of air left in air passaged after quiet exhalation - prevents the lungs from collapsing (ERV+RV)
VC: maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs (TV+ERV+IRV)
TLC: total volume of air the lungs can hold

38
Q

External and Internal Respiration

A

External: between alveoli and capillaries
Internal: capillaries and tissues

39
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

How air is brought into the lungs

Increased volume = decreased pressure
Decreased volume = increased pressure

The pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportionate to the volume of the container so the volume of the thoracic cavity dictates the intrathoracic pressure

40
Q

Charle’s Law

A

Expansion of warm air in the lungs

The mouth and nose warm particles

increased temp = increased volume

the volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature assuming pressure stays stable

41
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if there are no other gases present

Atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg. Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Carbon dioxide (0.04%) and other gases (around 1%)

Partial Pressure of oxygen (inspired): 159mmHg
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (inspired): 0.3mmHg

Partial Pressure of oxygen (expired): 130mmHg
Partial Pressure of carbon dioxide (expired): 30mmHg

42
Q

Henry’s Law

A

How gases dissolve in alveolar fluid

The amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above liquid

higher partial pressure of gas in liquid = more gas dissolved

43
Q

Overview of the Bohr Effect

A

As acidity increases (carbonic acid) in the bloodstream, the affinity for oxygen in haemoglobin decreases

pH of blood should be 7.35 - 7.45

Chemoreceptors detect acidity of the blood

Carbonic anhydrase coverts carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions = blood becomes more acidic

44
Q

The Haldane Effect

A

How carbon dioxide is released at the lungs

45
Q

The Control of Breathing:
Medullary Rhythmicity Centre
Pneumotaxic Area
Apneustic Area

A

MRC: Controls rhythm
PA: Increases breathing rate, reduces duration of breaths
AA: prolongs duration of breaths, increased depth of breathing

HBCS1 (7 decks)

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