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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Is the larynx part of the upper or lower respiratory system

A

Upper

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2
Q

Functions of the nose (4 pts)

A

sense of smell, warm air, moisten air and trap pathogens

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3
Q

State the order in which air travels through the respiratory system

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Carina
Left & Right Main Bronchus
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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5
Q

How many lobes does each lung have

A

right = 3
Left = 2

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6
Q

Which layer of the pleura is closest to the chest wall?

A

Parietal

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7
Q

Functions of type 2 alveolar cells

A

produces surfactant, prevents collapse, repairs alveolar wall

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8
Q

Conducting Zone

A

interconnecting cavities and tubes inside and outside of the lungs. Responsible for filtering, warming and moistening air

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9
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Tissues where gaseous exchange occurs

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10
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

a mucous membrane, stratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells and goblet cells

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11
Q

Why is the nose being high vascular something we should consider?

A

Epistaxis and potential use of anticoagulant medication - makes it harder to control bleeding

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12
Q

Explain the external structure of the nose

A

supporting bone and hyaline cartilage which is covered by muscle and skin and then lined by a mucous membrane.

There are always 2 openings called external nares which are separated by the septum

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13
Q

Which structures in the nasal cavity are responsible for warming, moistening and filtering

A

Nasal conchae and nasal meatuses

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14
Q

Nasopharynx

A

extends from soft palate and is lined with stratified ciliated columnar epithelium and is responsible for cleaning and filtering air

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15
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) found?

A

Nasopharynx

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16
Q

How long is the pharynx?

A

Approx 13cm in adults

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17
Q

Oropharynx…
1.Extends from
2. Contains
3. Lined with

A

extends from soft palate inferiorly and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils. It is lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the oesophagus at the back and the larynx at the front

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19
Q

How many pieces of cartilage does the larynx have?

20
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

connected to the hyoid bone by ligaments.

It is 2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage forming the anterior wall of the larynx

21
Q

Epiglottis

A

Attached to the thyroid, decompresses over the respiratory tract when swallowing.

made of elastic fibrocartilage

22
Q

Cricoid

A

Ring of hyaline cartilage and is attached to the first ring of the trachea and the thyroid cartilage

23
Q

The glottis

A

Folds of mucous membrane which form the vocal cords

Narrowest point of the respiratory tract

24
Q

What is the rima glottis?

A

opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilage

25
Trachea
Extends from the larynx to around T5 16-20 rings of C shaped cartilage Carina: site of bifurcation stratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells 4 main layers of cells: mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage and adventitia
26
Differences between the right and left lung
The right lung is thicker but shorter as it accomodates the liver, it also has 3 lobes and has a higher volume and total capacity. The left lung has the cardiac notch and has 2 lobes and lingula
27
2 layers of the pleural membrane
Visceral: sits on surface of the lungs Parietal: attached to the thoracic wall
28
Purpose of the serious fluid in the pleural cavity
reduced friction between the pleura
29
Conditions that can arise with the pleural membrane
Inflammation: pleurisy or pleuritic pain Excess Fluid: pleural effusion Cavity filled with air: pnuemothorax Cavity filled with blood: Haemothorax
30
Which bronchus is shorter and why is this important to know/consider?
The right bronchus is shorter and more vertical - this means intubation attempts may end up in this bronchus and inhaled objects are also more likely to enter the right lung
31
Alveoli overview
Kept in shape by elastin and surfactant cup shaped to increase surface area Short diffusion pathway - 1 cell thick
32
Type 1 alveolar cells
squamous alveolar cells - epithelial Provide structure cover 95% of the surface area of the alveolar sacs
33
Type 2 alveolar cells
AKA pneumocytes cuboidal or round shaped production of surfactant repair alveoli wall
34
What happens during inhalation?
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract (diaphragm flattens) increased volume = decreased pressure ribcage moves outwards and upwards air moves from a high partial pressure (atmosphere - 760mmHg) to a low partial pressure (lungs - 758mmHg)
35
What happens during exhalation?
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax (diaphragm returns to dome shape) decreased volume = increased pressure ribcage moves inwards and downwards Air moves from a high partial pressure (lungs - 762mmHg) to a lower partial pressure (atmosphere - 760mmHg)
36
Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Residual Volume
TV: amount of air breathed in and out in a normal breath IRV: extra volume of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal inspiration ERV: extra volume of air that can be exhaled after normal tidal expiration RV: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation
37
Inspiratory Capacity Functional Residual Capacity Vital Capacity Total Lung Capacity
IC: the amount of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort (TV+IRV) FRC: the amount of air left in air passaged after quiet exhalation - prevents the lungs from collapsing (ERV+RV) VC: maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs (TV+ERV+IRV) TLC: total volume of air the lungs can hold
38
External and Internal Respiration
External: between alveoli and capillaries Internal: capillaries and tissues
39
Boyle's Law
How air is brought into the lungs Increased volume = decreased pressure Decreased volume = increased pressure The pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportionate to the volume of the container so the volume of the thoracic cavity dictates the intrathoracic pressure
40
Charle's Law
Expansion of warm air in the lungs The mouth and nose warm particles increased temp = increased volume the volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature assuming pressure stays stable
41
Dalton's Law
Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if there are no other gases present Atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg. Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Carbon dioxide (0.04%) and other gases (around 1%) Partial Pressure of oxygen (inspired): 159mmHg Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (inspired): 0.3mmHg Partial Pressure of oxygen (expired): 130mmHg Partial Pressure of carbon dioxide (expired): 30mmHg
42
Henry's Law
How gases dissolve in alveolar fluid The amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above liquid higher partial pressure of gas in liquid = more gas dissolved
43
Overview of the Bohr Effect
As acidity increases (carbonic acid) in the bloodstream, the affinity for oxygen in haemoglobin decreases pH of blood should be 7.35 - 7.45 Chemoreceptors detect acidity of the blood Carbonic anhydrase coverts carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions = blood becomes more acidic
44
The Haldane Effect
How carbon dioxide is released at the lungs
45
The Control of Breathing: Medullary Rhythmicity Centre Pneumotaxic Area Apneustic Area
MRC: Controls rhythm PA: Increases breathing rate, reduces duration of breaths AA: prolongs duration of breaths, increased depth of breathing

HBCS1 (13 decks)

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