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HBCS1 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the heart lie?

A

In the mediastinum

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2
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

a compartment that runs the length of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs

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3
Q

What lies on the superior, anterior, inferior and posterior sides of the heart?

A

Superior: connective tissue of the neck
Anterior: Chest wall behind the sternum
Inferior: Diaphragm
Posterior: thoracic spine

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4
Q

Where is the superior edge of the heart situated?

A

beneath the 2nd rib?

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5
Q

Where is the apex of the heart situated?

A

in the 5th intercostal space

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6
Q

What is the Fossa Ovalis/Foramen Ovale and what are the potential complications?

A

hole in the heart that closes after birth - in the womb deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mixes

if this hole does not close then the following may occur: shortness of breath, cyanosis

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7
Q

What is the Ductus Arteriosis?

A

Connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which should also close after birth.

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8
Q

How is the heart divided?

A

by the intraventricular septum

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9
Q

Which ventricle has the thicker wall?

A

left ventricle

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10
Q

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated/deoxygenated blood?

A

oxygenated: left
deoxygenated: right

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11
Q

Frank Starling’s Law

A

the greater the preload on cardiac muscle fibres before they contract the greater the force of contraction during systole.

Atria pushes as much blood as possible down to the ventricles so that the ventricles are under a large amount of pressure, when the ventricles then contract they forcefully push blood out of the aorta

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12
Q

What would valve regurgitation sound like?

A

a trickling sound

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13
Q

Aortic valve

A

between the left ventricle and aorta

listen in the right 2nd intercostal space

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14
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

listen in the left 2nd intercostal space

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15
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

listen in the left 4th intercostal space

has 3 cusps

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16
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

listen in the 5th intercostal space

has 2 cusps

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17
Q

Where is Erb’s point?

A

3rd intercostal space on the left

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18
Q

What structure prevents the valves becoming inverted

A

Chordae Tendineae

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19
Q

Main heart blood vessels and where they transport blood to and from

A

Aorta: from left ventricle to rest of the body
Vena Cava: from rest of the body to right atrium
Pulmonary Artery: from right ventricle to lungs
Pulmonary Veins: from lungs to left atrium

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20
Q

Flow of blood on the left hand side

A

Vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery

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21
Q

Flow of blood on the right hand side

A

Pulmonary veins - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta

22
Q

systole v diastole

A

systole - contraction
diastole - relaxation

23
Q

Atrial Diastole

A

Right: deoxygenated blood enters right atrium from vena cava

Left: oxygenated blood enters left atrium from pulmonary veins

24
Q

Atrial systole/ventricular diastole

A

Right: blood flows from right atrium into right ventricle via tricuspid valve

Left: Blood flows from left atrium into left ventricle via bicuspid valve

25
Q

Ventricular Systole

A

Right: blood leaves via pulmonary semi lunar valves into the pulmonary artery

Left: blood leaved heart via aortic semi lunar valve into the aorta

26
Q

Layers of the heart from outer to inner

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

27
Q

Pericardium

A

outermost layer
2 layers
pericardial cavity contains serous fluid to prevent friction

28
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

a viral or bacterial infection causing inflammation of the pericardium causing adhesions that join the layers together

29
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer
muscle fibres organised in planes and separated by connective tissue
left ventricle is thicker

30
Q

Endocardium

A

inner layer
epithelium and connective tissue (high in elastin and collagen)
contains blood vessels and specialised cardiac fibres called purkinje fibres

31
Q

What does the left main coronary artery split into?

A

into 2 vessels
circumflex and left anterior descending

32
Q

Sino Atrial Node

A

natural pacemaker
found in right atrium
electrical impulses spread through atria causing them to contract - setting rate and rhythm of the heart

33
Q

What allows action potentials to spread through cardiac muscle?

A

intercalated discs

34
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

base of interatrial septum
slows impulses before they reach the septum
allows atria to empty before ventricular systole

35
Q

Bundle of His

A

branches down into the interventricular septum and splits into left and right bundle branch
distributes electrical impulses

36
Q

Purkinje Fibres

A

emerge from bundle branches
impulses go to myocardial cells causing ventricular systole

37
Q

Average length of cardiac cycle

A

0.8 seconds

38
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood expelled from the heart in every beat

39
Q

Heart Rate

A

number of beats per minute

40
Q

Cardiac Output

A

volume of blood expelled per minute

41
Q

Arteries Overview

A

Blood away from heart
lots of smooth muscle - withstand pressure
elasticated - help push blood forward

42
Q

Arterioles and Venules

A

Arterioles connect arteries and capillaries and venules connect veins and capillaries

43
Q

Capillaries overview

A

site of exchange of nutrients and waste
squamous epithelium is 1 cell thick

44
Q

Veins Overview

A

blood towards the heart
large lumen to support volumes of blood
less elastic tissue and muscle than arteries
valves to prevent backflow of blood

45
Q

If valves do not work properly what can occur?

A

Varicose veins

46
Q

Layers of a blood vessel

A

Tunica Intima: single layer of epithelial tissue
Tunica Media: smooth muscle - control of diameter
Tunica Externa: white fibrous connective tissue

47
Q

What part of the brain controls the cardiovascular system

A

Medulla Oblongata

48
Q

Plasma

A

water, plasma proteins and other solutes

Transports RBCs, antibodies and hormones

helps maintain blood pressure

carries clotting proteins

Thermoregulation

49
Q

Red blood cells

A

biconcave shape, no nucleus

contains haemoglobin

flexible

50
Q

White blood cells

A

5 different types
2 principle types: granulocytes, agranulocytes

combat inflammation and infection (neutrophils and macrophages do this through phagocytosis)

Eosinophils combat the effect of histamine in allergic reactions

can migrate out of vessels

51
Q

Platelets

A

form clots to stop bleeding

fatty deposits = platelets get caught = clots

can also engulf viruses

52
Q

How does an MI occur

A

unhealthy lifestyle choices/hereditary issues = atherosclerosis

plaque breaks off (atheroma) and occludes coronary arteries

prevents blood flow to that part of the heart

lack of oxygen to myocardial cells = ischaemia = cell death

HBCS1 (8 decks)

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