Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Functions of bone (7)
framework for the body
attachment for tendons or muscles
boundary for cavities
protection
Production of red blood cells
yellow bone marrow stores triglycerides
reservoir for calcium
Types of bones (6)
Long, flat, sutural, irregular, short and sesamoid
What is the process where blood cells are created in bone marrow
Hemopoiesis
What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton
Axial and appendicular
Axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
What bones make up the pectoral girdle
clavicle, sternum and scapula
What bones make up the pelvic girdle
ilium, ischium and pubis
Bones of the skull (7)
parietal, temporal, occipital, frontal, mandible, maxilla and zygomatic
Babies’ Skulls
skull isn’t fused so that it can be compressed during child birth, these fuse over time creating a sutural bone
How many separate bones is the sacrum before it fuses?
5
How many separate bones is the coccyx before it fuses?
3-5
3 functions of the spine
Protects the spinal cord
facilitates movement of the torso
supports and stabilises the body
One function of the vertebral discs
Reduce friction
Long bone structure: epiphysis
end of the bone
spongy - has spaces
Where IO drugs go
Long bone structure: diaphysis
compact bone
shaft
Long bone structure: metaphysis
contains the epiphyseal growing plate
often fractures in children
Long bone structure: articular cartilage
covers the ends of bones
reduces friction
Long bone structure: medullary cavity
marrow cavity with diaphysis
RBC production
Yellow/fatty marrow
triglyceride storage
Endosteum, Periosteum and outer fibrous layer of bone
Endosteum = lining of marrow cavity
Periosteum = tough membrane covering bone
Outer fibrous layer = provides attachment point for tendons, protective layer
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
osteoblasts = build up bone matrix
osteoclasts = break down bone matrix to repair microdamages. They also signal to osteoblasts to tell them to deposit collagen over the effected area
What is osteopenia
low bone density, but not severe enough to be classed as osteoporosis
Who in particular has an increased chance of developing osteoporosis?
Women after menopause as oestrogen decreases
Types of joints and an overview for each
Fibrous: held together by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous: no synovial capsule
Synovial: moving joints, synovial cavity, surrounded by joint capsule, synovial fluid
Ball and socket joint examples
hips and shoulders
What movements can ball and socket joints achieve?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation
Hinge joint examples
knees and elbows
What movements can hinge joints achieve?
flexion and extension
Pivot joint examples
neck, lower arm
saddle joint examples
wrist
flexion and extension
decreased angle between a joint
increased angle between a joint
Abduction and adduction
movement away from midline
movement towards midline
pronation and supination
natural movement in feet, ankles, forearms and limbs that helps us keep balance
rotating upwards then downwards
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
movement of hands or feet upwards
movement of hands or feet away from the body
internal rotation and external rotation
movement of body towards axis
movement of body away from axis
Inversion and eversion
sole of foot towards midline
sole of foot away from midline
ulnar deviation and radial deviation
fingers bend towards ulna on the outside of the arm
fingers or wrist bend towards the radius
3 types of muscle
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
origin, insertion and belly of muscles
point of attachment which does not move when muscle shorten
point of attachment that does move
fleshy part of muscle
