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HBCS1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

A chemical (artificial or inartificial) that is introduced to the body, to produce a desired effect often to combat a disease

Can work on our own cells or other cells

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2
Q

Rights of drugs

A

Right drug
Right patient
Right time
Right strength
Right route
Right documentation
Right technique

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3
Q

General use of activated charcoal

A

acute oral poisoning or oral drug overdose within 1 hour

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4
Q

General use of adrenaline

A

Anaphylaxis and life threatening asthma

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5
Q

General use of chlorphenamine

A

Allergic reaction falling short of anaphylaxis but causing distress

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6
Q

General use of Entonox

A

Moderate to severe pain

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7
Q

General use of Glucagon

A

hypoglycaemia where when oral glucose administration is ineffective and IV access is not possible for 10% glucose.

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8
Q

General use of Glucose Gel

A

Hypoglycaemia in a conscious patient

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9
Q

General use of GTN

A

Chest pain due to angina or MI

Cocaine toxicity

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10
Q

General use of Hydrocortisone

A

severe asthma, exacerbation of COPD, adrenal crisis

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11
Q

General use of ipratropium bromide

A

Acute, severe or life-threatening asthma, unresponsive to salbutamol, exacerbation of COPD, expiratory wheeze

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12
Q

General use of naloxone

A

Reversal of acute opioid or opiate toxicity
respiratory arrest or respiratory depression

Cardiac arrest arrest where opioid toxicity is likely the cause

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13
Q

General use of oxygen

A

significant injury or illness
critical illness
COPD

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14
Q

General use of salbutamol

A

Acute asthma attack, expiratory wheeze, exacerbation of COPD

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15
Q

General use of paracetamol

A

Mild to moderate pain
High temperature

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16
Q

Enteral route

A

absorbed along GI tract

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17
Q

Parental route

A

any route that isn’t the alimentary canal
skin/mucous membrane

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18
Q

Topical route

A

absorbed through the skin, through a mucous membrane or pulmonary route.

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19
Q

What does pharmacokinetics mean

A

what the body does to drugs

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20
Q

Factors effecting pharmacokinetics

A

route, form, molecular size, blood flow, patient condition, food, gastric emptying time, age and environment

21
Q

Why is IM not recommended for patients with hypothermia

A

because the drug is likely to just sit in muscle due to vasoconstriction

22
Q

Absorption of topical drugs

A

applied directly to the site of action

23
Q

Absorption of enteral drugs

A

through GI tract
need to be able to survive the conditions of the stomach and intestines

less invasive, less risk of infection, more comfortable

24
Q

Absorption of parenteral

A

IV/IM/IO/SC/BUC/SL

do not survive the digestive process - such as those that are protein based

25
barriers to the distribution of drugs
cardiovascular function - heart not pumping effectively = not enough pressure to get drugs out of capillaries blood flow drug storage reservoirs physiological barriers - blood/brain barrier
26
Bioavailability
the amount of the drug that is available to the body to produce a therapeutic effect
27
Why can bioavailability only be ensured with IV?
because every other route means the drug goes through the liver and experiences the first pass effect
28
If the bioavailability is high, is the dose highered or lowered?
lowered
29
Main functions of metabolism
conversion of food into energy conversion of food into useful molecules such as amino acids elimination of metabolic waste
30
Biotransformation
process of changing a drug so that it can be excreted
31
Explain the first pass effect (enteral route)
the drug is absorbed through the digestive tract so the drug enters the liver via the hepatic portal vein and then enters systemic circulation via the inferior vena cava. The liver deactivates some of the drug so decreases the bioavailability
32
What enzymes impact drugs and why
P450 enzymes so that it is easier for the kidneys to remove the drugs
33
Pro drugs & example
drugs that are activated by the first pass effect - such as aspirin
34
What is "half life" and why's it useful
the time taken fir the concentration of a drug by half useful for calculating interval doses
35
opiate/naloxone interaction
opiates can cause respiratory depression/arrest we give naloxone as a reversal but it has a much shorter half life than opiates so it wears of quicker, therefore we give repeated doses or use multiple routes
36
What does pharmacodynamics mean
What the drugs do to the body
37
What do drugs need to work?
A target that is accessible and specific
38
Why do we give salbutamol to people with respiratory issues instead of adrenaline even when adrenaline results in bronchodilation?
Because adrenaline targets B2 receptors which aren't just present in the lungs, so adrenaline affects all of the body whereas salbutamol only targets the lungs
39
Types of protein target: receptors
bind to one specific molecules/substrate on the outside of the cell causing a cascade of reactions inside the cell can be inside of the cell too
40
Types of protein target: ion channels
Gateway for charged molecules
41
What do channel blocking drugs do to ion channels? & example
block them completely Tetracaine: blocks sodium channels in neurons to prevent pain.
42
What do modulator drugs do to ion channels? & example
enhance or inhibit channel activity Diazepam: enhances the opening of chloride channels in neurons creating a regulatory effect for the uncontrolled firing of neurons
43
Types of protein target: Enzymes & examples
speed up chemical reactions drugs block the active site of enzymes to prevent further reactions Simvastatin/Atorvastatin/Pravastatin - block enzymes in the liver to stop the production of cholesterol
44
Types of protein target: Carrier proteins & example
facilitate the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane via active transport Furosemide: inhibits a carrier protein in the loop of Henle in the nephron & prevents water reabsorption
45
Lock and key model: agonists
bind to receptors to initiate/enhance a response natural molecule has a similar shape
46
Lock and key model: antagonists
binds to receptors and does not produce an effect/ prevents the natural physiological process
47
Why is it important to know if someone is on beta blockers?
They bind to A2 receptors to block adrenaline = reduction in rate = reduced cardiac output = SOB, dizziness and chest pain
48
Therapeutic effect & what can effect it
the desired effect of the drug dose, bioavailability, first-pass effect, interactions with other drugs age, diet, genetics
49
How to side effects occur?
doses: some people can't tolerate normal doses wrong target: binding to similar shaped active sites intrinsically hazardous: some drugs are designed to attack cells - such as chemotherapy

HBCS1 (14 decks)

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