Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Spirometry

Total lung volume

A
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2
Q

Spirometry

Tidal volume

A
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3
Q

Spirometry

Functional residual capacity

A
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4
Q

Spirometry

Residual volume

A
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5
Q

Spirometry

Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume

A
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6
Q

Spirometry

Vital capacity

A
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7
Q

Graph of Spirometry

Total lung volume
Sum of all volumes in the lungs.
Note that this can not be measured by spirometry (only lung capacity can be measured).

Tidal volume
Volume of a normal breath.

Functional residual capacity
Volume left in lungs after a natural exhalation.

Residual volume
Volume left in lungs after a full forced exhalation. In order to keep alveoli open, the lung cannot fully deflate, resulting in residual volume

Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
Additional volume that can be inhaled after a natural breath in, or exhaled after a natural breath out.

Vital capacity
Volume of a full forced inhalation and exhalation. Equals the total lung capacity minus the residual volume.

A
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7
Q

Nostrils of nose, which contain nose hairs called vibrissae that help protect from pathogens.

A

Nares

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8
Q

Connects the mouth to the esophagus.
Allows passage of both air and food.

A

Pharynx

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9
Q

Connects the mouth to the trachea.
Allows air, but food is blocked by the epiglottis.

A

Larynx

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10
Q

Central airway. Branches into two bronchi.

A

Trachea

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11
Q

Branch of the airway which enters into each lung. Branches further into bronchioles.

A

Bronchi

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12
Q

The lining around the lungs. Allows movement with minimal friction.

A

Pleura

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13
Q

Bicarbonate buffer equation

A

CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3-

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14
Q

Application of Le Chatelier’s principle to blood gas physiology

A

To regulate blood pH, the body will change respiration rate which affects the blood CO2 concentration.
This shifts the equilibrium of the bicarbonate buffer system to modulate H+ concentration.

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15
Q

If the blood pH is too low, the body will compensate by increasing respiration rate to blow off more CO2.

A

Blood acidosis

16
Q

If the blood pH is too high, the body will compensate by decreasing respiration rate to blow off less CO2.

A

Blood alkalosis

17
Q

Breathing mechanisms

Differential pressure

Intrapulmonary pressure vs Intrapleural pressure

A

Intrapulmonary pressure: same as atmospheric pressure because lung is open to outside.

Intrapleural pressure: lower than atmospheric pressure to keep lung from collapsing.

18
Q

Occurs through negative pressure mechanism.
The diaphragm muscle pulls downward, decreasing intrapleural pressure and causing lung expansion.

A

Inhalation

19
Q

Usually a passive process due to muscle relaxation.
Active exhalation recruits the intercostal muscles to help force air out.

A

Exhalation

20
Q

Alveoli are coated with surfactant which helps decrease surface tension, preventing collapse.

A

Surface tension

21
Q

Respiratory control center of brain is the

A

Respiratory control center of brain is the medulla oblongata.
When blood pH is acidic, respiration increases to blow off CO2 and increase bicarbonate buffer.

22
Q

Amount of CO2 produced per O2 consumed.

A

Respiratory quotient