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B. BIO/BIOCHEM MCAT > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Type of epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple epithelium:
Describes a single-cell layer primarily used for absorption or diffusion.
Example: endothelial lining of vessels.

Squamous = flat

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2
Q

Type of epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple epithelium:
Describes a single-cell layer primarily used for absorption or diffusion.
Example: endothelial lining of vessels.

Cuboidal = cube-shaped

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3
Q

Type of epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified epithelium: Describes a multi-cell layer primarily used for barrier protection.
Example: skin.

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4
Q

Type of epithelium

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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5
Q

Type of epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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6
Q

Type of epithelium

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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7
Q

Protein fibers made of actin. Provide structure to the cytoskeleton and function in cytokinesis.

A

Microfilaments

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8
Q

Protein fibers organized in the centrosome.

A

Microtubules

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9
Q

Three functions of microtubules

A

1) form spindle fibers during mitosis
2) used by molecular transport proteins like kinesin and dynein
3) key component of motility components like flagella and cilia

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10
Q

Protein fibers that maintain cell shape and structure. Unlike the other fibers, does not function in motility. Classic examples are keratin and desmin.

A

Intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Self-signaling through a hormone that attaches to a receptor on the cell itself.

A

autocrine

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12
Q

Signals to attached or adjacent cells.

A

juxtacrine

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13
Q

Signals to nearby cells.

A

paracrine

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14
Q

Signals to distant cells through hormones in the bloodstream.

A

endocrine

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15
Q

Organelle whose function is to modify, package, and secrete proteins.

A

golgi apparatus

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16
Q

Movement from Golgi apparatus back to the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Retrograde transport

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17
Q

Three vesicle protein coats

A

COPI, COPII, or clathrin

Vesicles are coated with one of three proteins depending on their direction of transport

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18
Q

Golgi operation hypotheses
Two hypotheses for how the Golgi apparatus works:

A
  • Cisternal maturation hypothesis: Proteins remain in cisternae of the Golgi with fixed locations, but the cisternae evolve over time
  • Vesicular transport hypothesis: The cisternae are static and do not evolve, but proteins get shuttled to different parts of the Golgi through vesicles
19
Q

Programmed cell death.

A

Apoptosis

20
Q

Cell death caused by external factors.

A

Necrosis

21
Q

A class of enzymes that mediate apoptosis.

A

Caspases

22
Q

Presence of reactive oxygen species (like free radicals) can damage membranes and trigger apoptosis.
Causes cytochrome c of the mitochondria to signal to caspases.

What is this called?

A

Oxidative stress

23
Q

Type of tissue

Germ layer identifies as: All

Function: Covers internal and external surfaces

Example: Skin, mucus lining of mouth

A

Epithelial

24
Q

Type of tissue

Germ layer tissue identifies as: Mesoderm

Function: Structure and circulation

Example: Blood, bone, fat, cartilage

A

Connective

25
Q

Type of tissue

Germ layer tissue identifies as: Ectoderm

Function: Nerve signal transmission

Examples: Nerves

A

Nerve

26
Q

Type of tissue

Germ layer tissue identifies as: Mesoderm

Function: Voluntary and involuntary movement

Examples: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles

A

Muscle

27
Q

Functions: Manufactures ribosomes and transcribes ribosomal RNA.

A

Nucleolus

28
Q

Contains genetic material in prokaryotes
Not to be confused with nucleus in eukaryotes, which is surrounded by a membrane

A

Nucleoid region

29
Q

Organizes microtubules. Made up of two centrioles which pull chromosomes apart.

A

Centrosome

30
Q

The middle portion of the chromosome, holding sister chromatids together

A

Centromere

31
Q

Circular DNA found in prokaryotes.

The R plasmid codes for antibiotic resistance; the F plasmid codes for the sex pilus used in conjugation.
Mnemonic: R for resistance, F for fornicating

A

Plasmid

32
Q

Method of cellular ingestion

“Drinking” - ingestion of liquids through vesicles

A

Pinocytosis

33
Q

Method of cellular ingestion

“Eating” - engulfing solid particles in the membrane

A

Phagocytosis

34
Q

Method of cellular ingestion

Binding of ligand and receptor resulting in inward budding of the membrane, forming a vesicle around the ingested material.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

35
Q

The primary site of ATP production in eukaryotes.
Has its own DNA and ribosomes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited maternally.

A

Mitochondria

36
Q

Breaks down cells through hydrolytic enzymes activated by acidic pH. Can help trigger apoptosis.

A

Lysosomes

37
Q

Breaks down and detoxifies hydrogen peroxide and ethanol. Also helps metabolize fatty acids through beta oxidation.

A

Peroxisome

38
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

Takes in mRNA and makes proteins.

A

Rough ER

39
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesis and storage of lipids, no ribosomes.

A

Smooth ER

40
Q

Degrades proteins that are tagged by ubiquitin.
Note that a proteasome is a protein complex (not an organelle).

A

Proteasome

41
Q

Vesicle protein coats

Retrograde transport from Golgi apparatus to ER.

A

COPI
Mnemonic: the earliest cop has a retro style = COPI does retrograde transport

42
Q

Vesicle protein coats

Anterograde transport from ER to Golgi apparatus

A

COPII
Mnemonic: COP two returns proteins to the Golgi where they were packaged

43
Q

Vesicle protein coats

Transports proteins from Golgi apparatus to plasma membrane

A

Clathrin

B. BIO/BIOCHEM MCAT (15 decks)

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