Microbiology

Question 1

Viral life cycles

Forces host cell to use its replicative resources until it lyses, but does not integrate into genome.

Answer 1

Lytic

Question 2

Viral life cycles

Integrates into genome and stays dormant until activated.

Answer 2

Lysogenic

Question 3

Outer membrane of some viruses surrounding their genetic material. Made of lipids plus host plasma membrane materials.
Can help evade host immune system

Answer 3

Viral envelope

Question 4

Protein coat surrounding viruses genetic material.

Answer 4

Capsid

Question 5

Gram stain Classification

Answer 5

Gram negative

Question 6

Gram stain Classification

Answer 6

Gram positive

Question 7

Genome of retroviruses

Answer 7

Retroviruses have a positive-sense genome made of single-stranded RNA.

Question 8

How retroviruses enter into host

Answer 8

Retroviruses have an envelope and enter the cell through endocytosis. Once inside, they disassemble.

Question 9

Genomic integration of retroviruses in RNA and DNA

Answer 9

The RNA of the virus is converted by reverse transcriptase to DNA.

The DNA is integrated into the genome with the enzyme integrase

Question 10

After retroviruses enter into host and genomically integrate, how does the DNA replicate?

Answer 10

The DNA is now incorporated into the host genome and replicates during the virus’s lysogenic life cycle.

Question 11

Genetic recombination

Bacteria integrates external DNA from environment

Answer 11

Transformation

Question 12

Genetic recombination

Plasmid transfer between two bacteria (direct cell to cell contact), connected by a sex pilus encoded by F plasmid.

Answer 12

Conjugation

Question 13

Genetic recombination

DNA transfer through viral vector, virus mediated (bacteriophage).

Answer 13

Transduction

Question 14

Genetic recombination

Regions of DNA that can insert/remove themselves in a bacterial chromosome, jumping around. DNA sequences that can move around within a cells genome. They contribute to genetic variation.

Answer 14

Transposons

Question 15

Genetic recombination

A piece of genetic material that can either exist independently of the main chromosome or at other times be integrated into a genome.

Answer 15

Episomes

Transposons and viral vectors are both examples of episomes.

Question 16

Bacteria

Obligate vs Facultative anaerobes

Answer 16

Obligate anaerobe: dies in oxygenated environment.

Facultative anaerobe: can live with or without oxygen.

Question 17

The process by which bacteria move toward certain chemical signals, like food. Significantly influences infectivity.

Answer 17

chemotaxis

Question 18

Bacteria - Flagella Motion

Counterclockwise movement of a bacteria’s flagella results in

Answer 18

forward motion

Question 19

Bacteria - Flagella Motion

clockwise movement of a bacteria’s flagella results in

Answer 19

change of direction

Question 20

Bacterial Shape

Answer 20

Bacilli = rods

Question 21

Bacterial Shape

Answer 21

Cocci = spherical

Question 22

Bacterial Shape

Answer 22

Spirilla = spirals

Question 23

Eukaryotes ETC is in the

Answer 23

mitochondria

Question 24

Eukaryotes reproduce by

Answer 24

mitosis

Question 25

Eukaryotes have linear DNA in the

Answer 25

nucleus

Question 26

Eukaryotes is nucleated with membrane bound

Answer 26

organelles

Question 27

Prokaryotes ETC is in the

Answer 27

cell membrane

Question 28

Prokaryotes reproduce through

Answer 28

binary fission

Question 29

Prokaryotes have circular DNA in the

Answer 29

cytoplasm (usually free floating). Lacks telomeres

Question 30

Prokaryotes DNA replication has

Answer 30

a single origin

Question 31

Prokaryotes have a cell wall and does not have

Answer 31

nucleus or membrane bound organelles