Microbiology Flashcards
Viral life cycles
Forces host cell to use its replicative resources until it lyses, but does not integrate into genome.
Lytic
Viral life cycles
Integrates into genome and stays dormant until activated.
Lysogenic
Outer membrane of some viruses surrounding their genetic material. Made of lipids plus host plasma membrane materials.
Can help evade host immune system
Viral envelope
Protein coat surrounding viruses genetic material.
Capsid
Gram stain Classification
Gram negative
Gram stain Classification
Gram positive
Retroviruses have a positive-sense genome made of single-stranded RNA.
Genome
How retroviruses enter into host
Retroviruses have an envelope and enter the cell through endocytosis. Once inside, they disassemble.
Genomic integration of retroviruses in RNA and DNA
The RNA of the virus is converted by reverse transcriptase to DNA.
The DNA is integrated into the genome with the enzyme integr
After retroviruses enter into host and genomically integrate, how does the DNA replicate?
The DNA is now incorporated into the host genome and replicates during the virus’s lysogenic life cycle.
Genetic recombination
Bacteria integrates external DNA from environment
Transformation
Genetic recombination
Plasmid transfer between two bacteria, connected by a sex pilus encoded by F plasmid.
Conjugation
Genetic recombination
DNA transfer through viral vector (bacteriophage).
Transduction
Genetic recombination
Regions of DNA that can insert/remove themselves in a bacterial chromosome, jumping around. They contribute to genetic variation.
Transposons
Genetic recombination
A piece of genetic material that can either exist independently of the main chromosome or at other times be integrated into a genome. Transposons and viral vectors are both examples of episomes.
Episomes
Bacterial Shape
Bacilli = rods
Bacterial Shape
Cocci = spherical
Bacterial Shape
Spirilla = spirals
Eukaryote vs Prokaryote
