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B. BIO/BIOCHEM MCAT > Musculoskeletal system and skin > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system and skin Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Structural unit of compact bone.

A

Osteon

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2
Q

Rings of bone matrix that surround a central canal.

A

Lamellae

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3
Q

Central canal in bone containing blood vessels and nerves.

A

Haversian canal

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4
Q

Microscopic channels in bone that connect lacunae, allowing nutrient exchange and waste disposal.

A

Canaliculi

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5
Q

The afferent stimulus comes from muscle spindles, stretch receptors within the muscles.
The efferent reflex gets activated, causing the stretched muscles to contract and antagonist muscles to relax.

A

stretch reflex

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6
Q

Involuntary twitch of a muscle, associated with diseases that cause lower motor neuron problems.

A

Fasciculations

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7
Q

Involuntary and rhythmic contraction/relaxation of a muscle, usually in response to stretching of a muscle.
Seen in some neurologic pathologies.

A

Clonus

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8
Q

Thermoregulation

cooling down vs heating up

A
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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors of the skin

Receptors for light touch and pressure sensation located in the base of the epidermis.
Mnemonic: Miss Meissner Merkel handles minor touches.

A

Merkel cells

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10
Q

Mechanoreceptors of the skin

Nerve ending for light touch sensation in the dermis.
Mnemonic: Miss Meissner Merkel handles minor touches.

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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11
Q

Mechanoreceptors of the skin

Nerve ending for vibration and deep pressure in the dermis.
Mnemonic: “Pack it in deep” = Pacinian corpuscles.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors of the skin

Nerve endings for stretch in the dermis.
Mnemonic: “Doing the splits (“stretching”) is rough = Ruffini endings.

A

Ruffini endings

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13
Q

Plays a key role in barrier protection, sensation, and thermoregulation.

A

skin

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14
Q

A subtype of dendritic cells, act as the antigen-presenting cells of the skin.

A

Langerhans cells

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15
Q

Pigment produced by melanocytes that protects from UV radiation.

A

Melanin

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16
Q

Three layers of skin:

A
  • Epidermis (epithelial surface layer)
  • Dermis (contains most of the nerves and blood vessels)
  • Hypodermis (mostly fat and adipose tissue)
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17
Q

Type of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

18
Q

Type of muscle

A

Smooth muscle

19
Q

Type of muscle

A

Cardiac muscle

20
Q

Skeletal system

Compact bone: Outer, hard part of bone that provides structure.
Spongy bone: Inner, porous part of bone that is filled with bone marrow. Also called cancellous bone.

A

Compact vs spongy bone

21
Q

Skeletal system

Red marrow: filled with hematopoietic stem cells.
Yellow marrow: filled with fat.

A

Red vs yellow bone marrow

22
Q

Skeletal system

Axial skeleton: skull, spine, ribs.
Appendicular skeleton: limbs, pelvis, pectoral girdle.

A

Axial vs appendicular skeleton

23
Q

Osteoblasts vs osteoclasts in calcium regulation

A

Osteoblasts decrease serum calcium by building up bone.
Osteoclasts increase serum calcium by breaking down bone.

24
Q

Parathyroid hormone in calcium regulation

A

Increase in parathyroid hormone leads to increasing blood calcium due to increase in calcium reabsorption in the GI tract, decrease in calcium excretion in the kidneys, and increased activity of osteoclasts.

25
Q

Vitamin D in calcium regulation

A

Activated by parathyroid hormone.
Leads to increase in calcium resorption.

26
Q

Made by parafollicular C cells in thyroid.
Leads to decreased blood calcium due to increased bone formation (osteoblast activity).

A

calcitonin in calcium regulation

27
Q

Joints

Fixed, fibrous joints formed early.
Example: cranial sutures within the skull.

A

Immovable

28
Q

Joints

Limited range of motion, held together by cartilage.
Example: spine.

A

Movable

29
Q

Joints

Freely movable joints, surrounded by synovial fluid which provides lubrication.
Example: elbow.

A

Synovial

30
Q

Sarcomere zones

Contains only myosin filaments (no overlap with actin filaments).

A

H-zone

31
Q

Sarcomere zones

Defined as the length of the myosin filament. This is the region of overlap that contains both myosin and actin filaments.

A

A-band

32
Q

Sarcomere zones

Contains only actin filaments.

A

I-band

33
Q

Sarcomere zones

Dividing point between sarcomeres.
Contained within the I-band.

A

Z-disc

34
Q

Sarcomere zones

Causes shortening of the H-zone and I-band, with no change in the A-band.
There is no change in the length of the actin or myosin filaments.

A

Muscle contraction

35
Q

The functional unit of striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac).
Divided into thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments.

A

sarcomere

36
Q

Sarcomeres

Stores and transports oxygen in muscle tissues.
Has a higher oxygen affinity compared to hemoglobin.

A

Myoglobin

37
Q

Sarcomeres

Source of ATP in the muscle tissues.
Adds phosphate group to ADP, regenerating ATP.

A

Creatine phosphate

38
Q

Sarcomeres

Cell membrane of a muscle cell.
Forms into T-tubules which propagate action potentials.

A

Sarcolemma

39
Q

Sarcomeres

The muscle version of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Contains calcium that starts the muscle contraction process.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

6 steps of sarcomere contraction

A

Step 1
At the neuromuscular junction, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released.
Step 2
Depolarization is transmitted through the T-tubules and triggers release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Step 3
Calcium binds to troponin and triggers uncovering of the actin filament.
Step 4
Myosin binds to actin causing shortening of the sarcomere as the actin filament slides along the myosin filament.
Step 5
The neurotransmitter is degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ending the signal.
Step 6
ATP binds to the myosin head and causes the binding to be released.
Calcium returns to the sarcoplasmic reticulum through active transport Ca2+ pumps.

41
Q

Muscle fibers

Slow oxidative fibers (Type 1) vs fast-glycolytic tibers (Type 2X)

A

B. BIO/BIOCHEM MCAT (29 decks)

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