Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 step lymphatic pathway

A

1) Fluid and lipids from the interstitial fluid are absorbed into lymph capillaries.
2) These then drain into larger lymph vessels.
3) These then drain through lymph ducts into the vena cava of the circulatory system.

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2
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

The lymph system helps return fluid from the interstitial fluid to the circulatory system.
Also functions in immune response and fat absorption.

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3
Q

Three effects of antibody binding

A
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4
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity

A

Innate immunity describes non-specific defenses including physical barriers like skin and mucus membranes, and the complement system.

Adaptive immunity describes pathogen-specific defenses and is divided into humoral (B-cells) and cell-mediated (T-cells) immunity.

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5
Q

Four principles of immunity

A
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6
Q

Function:
Part of the lymphoid system. Helps recycle old red blood cells and activates B-cell immune response.

Immune activation:
Contains large amount of macrophages to attack any antigens found in blood that filters through the spleen.

A

Spleen

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7
Q

Mature in the Thymus after production in bone marrow.
Primarily coordinates cell-mediated (aka cytotoxic) immunity.

A

T-lymphocytes

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8
Q

Responds to MHC-I antigen on infected cells and destroys the presenting cell.
Expresses CD8+ receptor.

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

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9
Q

Recognizes MHC-II antigen on antigen-presenting cells and then activates other immune cells.
Expresses CD4+ receptor.

A

Helper T-cells

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10
Q

Decreases immune response after infection resolves. Defects can lead to autoimmune disease.

A

Suppressor T-cells

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11
Q

Displays antigen to cytotoxic T-cells. Found in all nucleated cells.

A

MHC-I

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12
Q

Displays antigen to helper T-cells. Found in antigen-presenting cells (like dendritic cells, macrophages, etc) specifically.

A

MHC-II

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13
Q

General structure of antibody structure

A

Y-shaped consisting of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains, connected by disulfide bonds.

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14
Q

The base of the antibody structure contains the constant (Fc) region.
This region determines the class of the antibody (for example IgG or IgM).

A

Constant region of antibody structure

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15
Q

The tips of the antibody structure contain the hypervariable region, and at the end is the antigen-binding (Fab) region.
Generates a highly specific sequence to antigens (like in the case of re-infection).

A

Variable region of antibody structure

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16
Q

Ingest the pathogen, processes the pathogen, and then acts as antigen-presenting cell with MHC-II.

A

macrophages

17
Q

Phagocytic cells that are activated by bacteria.

A

Neutrophils

18
Q

Attacks abnormal or pathogenic cells (like cancer cells or virally infected cells) instead of attacking the pathogen itself.

A

Natural killer cells

19
Q

Functions in inflammatory response. Releases histamine triggered by an allergic response.

A

Mast cells

20
Q

Antigen-presenting cells that contact the external environment. Located on skin and mucus membranes.

A

dendritic cells

21
Q

Matures in the bone marrow and are activated in the spleen and lymph nodes.
Responsible for humoral immunity which works through antibody production by B-cells.

A

B-lymphocytes

22
Q

B-cell activation

A

When exposed to antigens, B-cells will form plasma cells and memory cells.

23
Q

Secrete antibodies, which are immunoglobulins that target antigens.

A

Plasma cells

24
Q

Persistent after infection. Trigger a stronger, more rapid response when the same pathogen is seen again.

A

Memory B-cells