Respiratory System Flashcards
The upper respiratory is lined with what?
Cilia
What are the 3 major roles of the respiratory system?
Provides oxygen for tissue perfusion
Influences acid-base balance
Excretory organ
Inhaled air is?
Moistened, warmed, and cleansed by the tissue lining the nasal cavity
Connects upper and lower airways responsible for taste, smell, chewing, and swallowing food.
Larynx
Increased mucus defeats cilia function and mucus is thickened
Ciliary function hindrance
Not being able to smell or frequent colds
Anosmia
Stimulating the gag reflex with a tongue blade or positive cough or gagging with a positive response means what?
Indicates the airway is protected
From normally midline septum, protrudes more to one side of the nasal passage
Deviated septum
What is a nose bleed?
Epistaxis
Deviated reconstructed and aligned with minimal cartilage and bone removal
Septoplasty
Removal of the deviated section of cartilage and bone
Submucosal resection
Where do children’s nose bleeds most occur? Posterior or anterior
Anterior
Where do most older adults nose bleeds normally occur? Posterior or anterior.
Posterior
What is the number one cause of nose bleeds?
Trauma
Acute coryza or common cold - virus is the most common symptom of the respiratory disease.
Acute Viral Rhinitis
What is the most common symptom of a respiratory disease?
Cough
What is the pathophysiology of the common cold?
It is inflammation of the nasal mucosa
What are the means of spreading of the common cold?
Droplet
Hand to mouth, nose, or eyes
Indoors, chilling, fatigue, stress, and compromised immunity
What antibiotics are given for a virus?
None a virus is never treated with antibiotics
What is a reaction of the nasal mucosa to allergen?
Allergic Rhinitis
What is an acute contagious viral infection?
Influenza
Occurs in 2 main strands (A & B), and requires 2-3 weeks of recovery.
The Flu
How is the flu spread?
Direct or indirect droplets
What is the number one prevention for not spreading germs?
Hand washing
What is a serious secondary complication of the flu?
Bacteria pneumonia
Who is contraindicated for the flu shot?
Patients who have allergies to chicken eggs and previous hx of Gillian barre
What are the antivirals used to alleviated symptoms of the flu?
Rimantadine (flumadine)
Amantadine (symmetrel)
Zanamivir (relenza)
Oseltamivir (tamiflu)
Antivirals need to be given when?
Within 2 days of symptom onset
What is an infection of the mucous membranes of one of the para nasal sinuses?
Sinusitis or sinus infection
What is an infection in more than one sinus called?
Pan sinusitis
What sinus is mainly affected?
Maxillary Sinus
What sinus can cause brain and eat infections?
Frontal sinus
What is the stimulating reflex of respiratory disease?
Bronchospasms
What medication is good for dry hacking coughs?
Antitussives
What medication is good for suppressing the cough reflex, has a direct depressant effect on the cough center of the medulla, and symptom relief of a non productive cough?
Narcotics such as codeine
These medications facilitate removal of secretions of bronchopulmonary mucous membranes.
Expectorants (mucinex, robitussin, organidin, and Terpin Hydrate)
What decreases phlegm adhesiveness and thickness?
Terpin Hydrate
What medication relieves nasal congestion and cold symptoms, with direct vasoconstrictive action on arterioles in the nasal mucosa?
Nasal decongestants (dristan and neosynephrine)
What medication binds with receptors on target cells, compete with allergy-produced histamines?
Antihistamines (tavist, Benadryl, dimetane, Chlor-trimeton)
What are second generation agents for antihistamines?
Allegra, Claritin, and Zyrtec
What do second generation agents NOT have?
Sedation effect
What are benign mucous membrane masses? They appear blue and glossy in the nares.
Polyps
What is an endoscopy exam for nasal polyps?
Polypectomy
How do we manage nasal polyps?
They are removed.
What is an inflammation of the pharyngeal walls including tonsils, palate, and uvula?
Acute Pharyngitis
What is the main invader of the of acute pharyngitis?
Viral and fungal infections.
What are the symptoms of acute pharyngitis?
Scratchy throat to severe pain, red edematous may have patchy yellow exudates
How do we diagnosis acute pharyngitis?
Culture or rapid strep antigen test
What is a partial or complete upper airway obstruction?
Sleep apnea
Absence of respirations
Apnea
Increased CO2
Hypercapnia
Decreased O2
Hypoxemia
How often to patients have apnea and arousal cycles?
200-400 times in a 6-8 hour sleep
What are signs and symptoms of apnea?
Loud snoring, gasping, and jerking movements.
What is a sleep study called?
Polysomnography
What is a UPPP or UP3?
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
What is a GAHM?
Genoglossal advancement hyoid myotomy
What is a laser assisted UP3 called?
LAUP
Lower portion of the pharynx and above larynx
Laryngopharynx
The critical dividing point where solid foods and liquids separate from air. Passage divides larynx and esophagus.
Laryngopharynx
What are the 3 cartilages of the larynx called?
Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) Cricoids cartilage (vocal cords) Epiglottis (prevents food from entering the lungs)
What does the epiglottis do?
Closes over the glottis during swallowing
The most dangerous problem of the larynx is what?
Obstruction
What is inflammation of the mucous membranes in the lining of the larynx called?
Laryngitis
What is the most common symptom of laryngitis?
Hoarseness
What is a partial removal of one vocal cord?
Cordectomy
Removal of vocals or parts and requires a temporary trach.
Hemilaryngectomy
Removal of structures above cords (false vocals cords & epiglottis)
Supraglotticlaryngectomy
Surgery where normal speech is no longer possible: removal of epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, 1-4 tracheal rings, resection of the hyoid bone, and hypopharynx muscles reconstructed.
Total Laryngectomy
Dissection of muscles, veins, and nerves and may accompany a total Laryngectomy to decrease lymphatic spread.
Radical neck dissection
What is the voice prothesis post Laryngectomy called?
Blom-Singer
Windpipe that extends from larynx to carina. Flexible muscular 12 cm long, c-shaped cartilaginous rings lined with epithelium containing goblet mucus secreting cells and cilia. It divides r and l mainstem bronchus.
Trachea
The slit where main stem bronchi, pulmonary vessels and nerve enters the lungs.
Hilus
Cone-shaped, suspended in r and l plural cavities.
Lungs
Why is aspiration more common in the Right Lung?
The right lung is shorter and broader.
The right lung has how many lobes?
3
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
This divides several times to form lobar, segmental, sub-segmental bronchi.
Main-stem bronchi
Most distant where no O2 and CO2 is exchanged. It is the last conducting airways. Anatomical dead space. VD 150ml
Terminal Bronchioles
What is normal Tidal Volume?
500ml
The first area of exchange and contain alveoli. It is surrounded by smooth muscles that constrict and dilate in response to various stimuli.
Respiratory Bronchioles
What is called a decrease in diameter of airways?
Bronchoconstriction
What is called an increase in diameter of airways?
Bronchodilation
Continuous respiratory bronchioles, alveolus, aveolar sacs, capillary bed, and chief respiratory unit for gas exchange.
Acinus
What are the small sacs that form the functional unit in the lungs?
Alveoli
This allows air movement from the alveolus to alveolus.
Pores of Kohn
There are 300 million alveoli that have a total volume of what?
2500ml
Each alveoli are big?
1/5000 of an inch
The alveolar surface secretes what?
Surfactant
