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Nursing 101 & 102 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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0
Q

What does the CNS contain?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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1
Q

The Nervous System contains what two parts?

A

The Central Nervous system (CNS)

The Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What does the middle part of the spinal cord contain?

A

Gray Matter

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3
Q

What does the spinal cord gray matter resemble in a cross-sectional divide?

A

A bubbled “H”

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4
Q

What does the anterior horn in the H of the spinal cord do?

A

Relays motor impulses

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5
Q

What does the posterior gray matter of the H in the spinal cord do?

A

Relays sensory impulses

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6
Q

What surrounds the H gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

White matter

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7
Q

What is the function of the white matter in the spinal cord?

A

It forms ascending and descending tracks.

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8
Q

What three parts does the brain consist of?

A

It consists of cerebrum (cerebral cortex), the brain stem, and the cerebellum.

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9
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

To collect, integrate, and interpret all stimuli; it initiates and monitors voluntary and involuntary motor activity.

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10
Q

What are the meninges?

A

The three layers that enclose the cerebrum.

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11
Q

What does the meninges contain?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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12
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal

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13
Q

What is the parietal lobe function?

A

Sensations

Awareness of body shape

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14
Q

What is the occipital lobe function?

A

Visual stimuli

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15
Q

What is the temporal lobe function?

A

Hearing
Language
Comprehension
Storage and recall of memories

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16
Q

What is the frontal lobe function?

A 
Personality 
Judgement
Abstract reasoning 
Social behavior 
Language expression
Movement 
Speech
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17
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Balance

Coordination

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18
Q

What is the part of the cerebrum that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and just above the brain stem?

A

Diencephalon

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19
Q

What important nerves does the brain stem contain?

A

The cranial nerves 1-12

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20
Q

What is the functional unit of the NS?

A

Neurons

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21
Q

How many miles of nerves are in the NS?

A

45

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22
Q

What are the two types of cells in the NS?

A

Neuroglia and Neurons

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23
Q

What component of the neuron receives impulses inward to the body?

A

Dendrites

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24
Q

What component of the neuron projects impulses away and may or may not have myelin sheath?

A

Axons

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25
Q

Contains lipid substance and gives the white color to the white matter of the brain.

A

Myelin

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26
Q

A multipolar neuron has what?

A

Cell body
Axon
Multiple dendrites (many poles)

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27
Q

A bipolar neuron has?

A

Cell body
1 axon
2 dendrites (poles)

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28
Q

A unipolar neuron has?

A

Cell body
1 axon
1 dendrite (pole)

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29
Q

Transmits nerve impulses towards the CNS from peripheral sensory organs

A

Afferent

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30
Q

Transmits nerve impulses away from the CNS to muscles, glands, and organs.

A

Efferent

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31
Q

Conduct impulses from 1 neuron to another

A

Inter-neurons

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32
Q

What is the purpose of glial cells?

A

Repair, support, and protect neurons.

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33
Q

Why are glial cells the most common source of primary rumors?

A

They are mitotic (able to divide and replicate)

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34
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal
Microglia

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35
Q

The cells produce the myelin sheath that coats the axons.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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36
Q

These cells are found mostly in gray matter, they accumulate in areas that neurons have been damaged, and feeds the nervous system by the blood brain barrier.

A

Astrocytes

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37
Q

These cells aide in secretion and regulation of CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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38
Q

These cells remove waste.

A

Microglia cells

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39
Q

How fast does nerve impulse conduction travel along the axon and chemical transmission between neurons until it reaches it’s destination?

A

325mph

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40
Q

What state is the resting state?

A

No impulse

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41
Q

The resting state has what potassium and what sodium?

A

Potassium is high

Sodium is low

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42
Q

During depolarization what electrolytes channels open up the cell and enter?

A

Sodium enters but no change in potassium.

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43
Q

During repolarization what electrolyte channels open up and go back into the cell?

A

Potassium enters SLOWLY to even out the electrolytes.

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44
Q

What is the conduction system called when the axons are myelinated?

A

Saltatory Conduction

45
Q

What is the impulses that reach the end of the nerve fiber then transmit across the junction between nerve cells at the synapse?

A

Action potential

46
Q

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

47
Q

What four components does the synaptic transmission involve?

A

Presynaptic knob
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter
Receptor site

48
Q

What effects does neurotransmitters have?

A

Excitability

Inhibitory

49
Q

What are the four neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

50
Q

What three areas does the brain stem contain?

A

Midbrain
Medulla
Pons

51
Q

What are the three characteristics of neurons?

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Influence

52
Q

The structural and function junction between two neurons.

A

The synapse

53
Q

What are the four essential structures of synaptic transmission?

A

Presynaptic terminal
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter
Receptor site

54
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Electrical

Chemical

55
Q

What is the area where the brain stem exits from the cranial cavity?

A

Foramen magnum

56
Q

Which direction does the spinocerebellar tract go?

A

Ascending

57
Q

Which direction does the corticospinal tract go?

A

Descending

58
Q

What direction is the corticobulbar tracts go?

A

Ascending to the brain stem

59
Q

What direction do corticospinal tracts go to

A

Descending to the spinal cord.

60
Q

Which area contains Wernicke’s area?

A

Temporal lobe

61
Q

Broca’s Area is located in what area?

A

The frontal lobe

62
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the peripheral nervous system?

A

31

63
Q

How many cranial nerves are located in the cerebrum?

A

2

64
Q

How many cranial nerves are located in the brain stem?

A

3-12

65
Q

The outermost protective layer that is fibrous and freely moving?

A

Scalp

66
Q

The thickest and toughest outer later of the meninges

A

Dura Mater

67
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges that is thinner and delicate?

A

Arachnoid

68
Q

What is the innermost layer that is mesh like and vascular?

A

Pia Mater

69
Q

What is the meninges space below the arachnoid and between the pia Mater, where CSF flows?

A

Subarachnoid

70
Q

What is the dura fold that separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

71
Q

Double dura layer folds between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

72
Q

Clear, colorless, odorless fluid; shock absorber; cushions brain and spinal cord against injury. Approximately 135ml of fluid.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid CSF

73
Q

CSF doesn’t contain what?

A

RBCs

74
Q

Are cauliflower-like and located within the ventricles where CSF is stored and secreted is Astrocytes.

A

Choroids plexus

75
Q

What is termed the 3rd circulation?

A

CSF

76
Q

What absorbs CSF daily?

A

Arachnoid villi projections

77
Q

What gets 20% of cardiac output?

A

Cerebral circulation

78
Q

How much of the body’s oxygen and glucose does the brain require?

A

25%

79
Q

What doesn’t the brain store?

A

Minerals

80
Q

Where do the cerebral veins empty?

A

Into the dura sinuses.

81
Q

A unique feature of the valves in the brain.

A

They have NO valves.

82
Q

Why is no valves important?

A

Gravity

83
Q

Anterior circulation is provided by?

A

Common carotid from internal and external carotids

84
Q

Posterior circulation is provided by?

A

The subclavian artery from two vertebral arteries that merge into basilar arteries.

85
Q

This structure is a safely valve to protect from pressures and occlusion and can re-route circulation.

A

Circle of Willis

86
Q

What is it called when the brain can self regulate it’s blood supply to meet it’s needs by change to the blood vessel diameter.

A

Auto regulation

87
Q

Physiological barrier between blood capillaries and brain tissue.

A

Blood brain barrier.

88
Q

What is the blood brain barrier made of?

A

Tight shaped star shaped cells.

89
Q

What are the folds on the surface of the brain called?

A

Gyrus

90
Q

What are deep predictable separations in the brain?

A

Fissures

91
Q

What is the outer layer of the brain called (it contains gray matter)?

A

Cerebral cortex

92
Q

Just beneath the the cerebral cortex contains?

A

White matter or myelinated axon tracts

93
Q

What is contra lateral?

A

Where the ride side of the frontal lobe controls the left side of the body and vice versa.

94
Q

What divides the hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A

Great longitudinal fissure

95
Q

Cerebral dominancy is located where?

A

Left frontal lobe

96
Q

Position in relation to objects around you (comes from the parietal lobe)?

A

Spatial awareness

97
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s area where you can ask a question but they may not understand the question asked.

A

Receptive aphasia

98
Q

Responsible for fine body movements.

A

Basal ganglia

99
Q

This area enables us to form words (located in the frontal lobe).

A

Brocas Area

100
Q

System activated under stressful conditions (fight or flight)

A

Sympathetic

101
Q

System activated during relaxing situations (rest and digest)

A

Parasympathetic

102
Q

This is the relay station for all sensations.

A

Thalamus

103
Q

Regulates autonomic nervous system.

A

Hypothalamus

104
Q

This is responsible for primal human functions (rage, emotional eating)

A

Limbic system

105
Q

What is the primary rhythm center for respirations and heart rate?

A

Medulla oblongata

106
Q

In what system does the control of neurons control the sleep-wake cycle called the RAS.

A

Reticular formation

107
Q

Extends from C1-L1-L2

A

Spinal cord

108
Q

Horse tail look from the spinal column of nerves that exit the spinal cord

A

Cauda Equina

109
Q

What is the Monosynaptic Reflex?

A

Receptor organ to sensory neuron to information processed by the spinal cord to motor neuron

Nursing 101 & 102 (19 decks)

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