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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of the respiratory system

A

extensive gas exchange surface area
moves air to and from lungs
protects from outside environment
produces sound
olfactory senses

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2
Q

what’s a respiratory track

A

passageway that carries air to and from exchange surfaces in lungs

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3
Q

what does the respiratory track consist of

A

conducting portion: nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles (transport air)
respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (membranes)

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4
Q

how many branches are there and how

A

23 (irregular dichotomous pattern = 2 daughter airways)

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5
Q

which branch do alveoli occur from

A

17

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6
Q

from which number branch is it only alveoli

A

20

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7
Q

3 lobes of the right lung

A

superior
middle
inferior

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8
Q

which lobe doesn’t the left lung have

A

middle due to heart

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9
Q

what does the respiratory mucosa tissue consist of

A

epithelial layer
areolar layer

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10
Q

what does the mucosa tissue line

A

conducting portion of respiratory system

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11
Q

where are mucus glands

A

upper system

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12
Q

where’s the smooth muscle located

A

lower conducting portion to control dilation of bronchioles

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13
Q

where does air enter

A

through nostrils / external nares into 3 nasal vestibule passing through nasal hairs

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14
Q

role of nasal hairs

A

particle filteration

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15
Q

role of the 3 nasal meatuses

A

filter
warming
humidificaiotn

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16
Q

what’s the hard palate

A

bone forming floor of nasal cavity
separates nasal and oral cavity

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17
Q

what’s the soft palate

A

extends behind the hard palate
divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx

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18
Q

what’s the pharynx

A

chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems
from internal nares to entrances to larynx and oesophagus

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19
Q

3 divisions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx - joined to nasal cavity
oropharynx
laryngopharynx - joined to larynx

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20
Q

larynx structure

A

cartilaginous surrounding glottis (voice box)

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21
Q

glottis

A

voice box opening between vocal folds in larynx

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22
Q

sound production

A

air passes through glottis
vibrates vocal folds

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23
Q

sound production

A

air passes through glottis
vibrates vocal folds
produces sound waves

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24
Q

sound variation

A

tension on folds
voluntary muscles

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25
Q

speech

A

phonation : sound production at larynx
articulation : modification of sound by other structures

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26
Q

what keeps trachea open

A

cartilage rings

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27
Q

why is trachea c shaped

A

allow oesophagus space to expand for food

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28
Q

what separates the bronchi

A

internal ridge (carina)

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29
Q

which bronchi is larger and why

A

right to allow more air through as larger area to cover

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30
Q

which bronchi descends steeper

A

right

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31
Q

what is the bronchial tree formed from

A

primary bronchi and their branches

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32
Q

what does the primary bronchus divide into

A

secondary bronchi

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33
Q

extra pulmonary bronchi

A

left and right bronchi branches outside lungs

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34
Q

intra pulmonary bronchi

A

branches within the lungs

35
Q

what do secondary bronchi branch into

A

tertiary bronchi (segmental) supplying air to a single bronchopulmonary segment

36
Q

bronchopulmonary segments

A

right lung = 10
left lung = 8/9

37
Q

bronchi structure

A

primary secondary and tertiary progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle
increasing muscular effects on airway constriction and resistance

38
Q

what branches into terminal bronchioles

A

bronchioles forming 6500 from one tertiary bronchus

39
Q

bronchiole structure

A

no cartilage
dominated by smooth muscle
auto control regulates smooth muscle controlling diametre

40
Q

bronchodilation

A

widening caused by sympathetic NS reducing resistance

41
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

constriction caused by parasympathetic or histamine

42
Q

alveoli

A

airfilled pockets for gas exchange

43
Q

external respiration

A

all processes involving exchange o2 and co2 with environment

43
Q

external respiration

A

all processes involving exchange o2 and co2 with environment

44
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

physical movement of air in and out respiratory tract

45
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

physical movement of air in and out alveoli

46
Q

Boyles law definition

A

relationship between gas pressure and volume

47
Q

Boyles law equation

A

P=1/v

48
Q

what is compliance of the lung

A

indicator of expandability

49
Q

low compliance requires …

A

greater force to expand

50
Q

what’s compliance lung affected by

A

connective tissue structure of lungs
level of surfactant production
mobility of thoracic cage

51
Q

when the diaphragm pulls down

A

pressure is less and air moves in

52
Q

mechanics of inspiration

A

initiated by respiratory control centre in medulla
contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
increases volume of lungs by moving down

53
Q

cm of movement during inhalation

A

quiet 1cm
forced 10cm

54
Q

what increases thoracic cavity

A

external intercostal muscles moving ribs up and out

55
Q

expiration is…

A

passive

56
Q

what helps elastic recoil in exhalation

A

elastic fibres in connective tissue and surface tension of film of fluid that coats alveoli

57
Q

surface tension

A

attractive forces between adjacent molecules of liquid of film stronger than between liquid and gas stabilising alveoli

58
Q

what provides evidence of surface tension

A

greater lung compliance when inflated with saline

59
Q

quiet breathing summary

A

active inhalation
passive exhalation
diaphragmatic breathing (dominated by diaphragm)
costal breathing (dominated by ribcage)

60
Q

forced breathing summary

A

hyperpnea
active inhalation and exhalation
assisted by accessory muscles
max levels at exhaustion

61
Q

ventilation formula

A

VE = f x VT

(VE = vol of air in per min
f=breaths per min
Vt=tidal volume)

62
Q

alveoli ventialtion equation

A

VA = f x (VT-VD)

VD = dead anatomical space

63
Q

functional residual capacity

A

amount of gas remaining in lungs after normal expiration

64
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 s

65
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity
max vol of gas expelled from lungs after Mac inspiration

66
Q

what causes recoil of alveoli

A

elastic fibres

67
Q

alveolar epithelium features

A

simple squamous
thin delicate type 1 cells
patrolled by alveolar macrophages
contain septal cells (type 2) producing surfactant

68
Q

henrys law - pressure

A

when gas under pressure comes in contact with liquid, gas dissolves in it until equilibrium is reached

69
Q

henrys law - temperature

A

at given temp, amount of gas in solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas

70
Q

5 reasons for efficiency of gas exchange

A

substantial differences in pp across respiratory membrane

distances involved are short

gasses are lipid soluble

large surface area

blood and air flow coordinated

71
Q

pp of gas in blood arriving in pulmonary arteries

A

low o2 high co2

72
Q

2 circuits

A

systemic and pulmonary

73
Q

what happens in the systemic circuit

A

o2 blood mixes with deoxygenated from conducting passageways
lowers pp of o2 entering the circuit

74
Q

pp of interstitial fluid

A

o2 = 40 mm Hg
co2 = 45

75
Q

RBC role

A

o2 to peripheral tissue
co2 from tissue
remove o2 and co2 from plasma

76
Q

temperature and hb

A

high = releases o2
low = holds more tightly

77
Q

where does temperature only affect hb

A

active tissue generating large amounts of heat eg skeletal muscle

78
Q

what enzyme catalyses reaction with water causing the Bohr shift

A

carbonic anhydrase producing carbonic acid

79
Q

affect of carbonic acid on hb

A

dissociates into h ion and bicarbonate ion diffusing out RBC lowering pH

80
Q

affect of BPG

A

more o2 released

81
Q

3 pathways for co2 transport

A

dissolve in plasma
bind to hb
convert to carbonic acid

82
Q

what % of co2 remain dissolved in plasma

A

7

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 (9 decks)

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