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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of the respiratory system

A

extensive gas exchange surface area
moves air to and from lungs
protects from outside environment
produces sound
olfactory senses

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2
Q

what’s a respiratory track

A

passageway that carries air to and from exchange surfaces in lungs

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3
Q

what does the respiratory track consist of

A

conducting portion: nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles (transport air)
respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (membranes)

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4
Q

how many branches are there and how

A

23 (irregular dichotomous pattern = 2 daughter airways)

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5
Q

which branch do alveoli occur from

A

17

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6
Q

from which number branch is it only alveoli

A

20

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7
Q

3 lobes of the right lung

A

superior
middle
inferior

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8
Q

which lobe doesn’t the left lung have

A

middle due to heart

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9
Q

what does the respiratory mucosa tissue consist of

A

epithelial layer
areolar layer

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10
Q

what does the mucosa tissue line

A

conducting portion of respiratory system

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11
Q

where are mucus glands

A

upper system

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12
Q

where’s the smooth muscle located

A

lower conducting portion to control dilation of bronchioles

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13
Q

where does air enter

A

through nostrils / external nares into 3 nasal vestibule passing through nasal hairs

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14
Q

role of nasal hairs

A

particle filteration

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15
Q

role of the 3 nasal meatuses

A

filter
warming
humidificaiotn

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16
Q

what’s the hard palate

A

bone forming floor of nasal cavity
separates nasal and oral cavity

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17
Q

what’s the soft palate

A

extends behind the hard palate
divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx

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18
Q

what’s the pharynx

A

chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems
from internal nares to entrances to larynx and oesophagus

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19
Q

3 divisions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx - joined to nasal cavity
oropharynx
laryngopharynx - joined to larynx

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20
Q

larynx structure

A

cartilaginous surrounding glottis (voice box)

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21
Q

glottis

A

voice box opening between vocal folds in larynx

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22
Q

sound production

A

air passes through glottis
vibrates vocal folds

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23
Q

sound production

A

air passes through glottis
vibrates vocal folds
produces sound waves

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24
Q

sound variation

A

tension on folds
voluntary muscles

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25
speech
phonation : sound production at larynx articulation : modification of sound by other structures
26
what keeps trachea open
cartilage rings
27
why is trachea c shaped
allow oesophagus space to expand for food
28
what separates the bronchi
internal ridge (carina)
29
which bronchi is larger and why
right to allow more air through as larger area to cover
30
which bronchi descends steeper
right
31
what is the bronchial tree formed from
primary bronchi and their branches
32
what does the primary bronchus divide into
secondary bronchi
33
extra pulmonary bronchi
left and right bronchi branches outside lungs
34
intra pulmonary bronchi
branches within the lungs
35
what do secondary bronchi branch into
tertiary bronchi (segmental) supplying air to a single bronchopulmonary segment
36
bronchopulmonary segments
right lung = 10 left lung = 8/9
37
bronchi structure
primary secondary and tertiary progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle increasing muscular effects on airway constriction and resistance
38
what branches into terminal bronchioles
bronchioles forming 6500 from one tertiary bronchus
39
bronchiole structure
no cartilage dominated by smooth muscle auto control regulates smooth muscle controlling diametre
40
bronchodilation
widening caused by sympathetic NS reducing resistance
41
bronchoconstriction
constriction caused by parasympathetic or histamine
42
alveoli
airfilled pockets for gas exchange
43
external respiration
all processes involving exchange o2 and co2 with environment
43
external respiration
all processes involving exchange o2 and co2 with environment
44
pulmonary ventilation
physical movement of air in and out respiratory tract
45
alveolar ventilation
physical movement of air in and out alveoli
46
Boyles law definition
relationship between gas pressure and volume
47
Boyles law equation
P=1/v
48
what is compliance of the lung
indicator of expandability
49
low compliance requires ...
greater force to expand
50
what's compliance lung affected by
connective tissue structure of lungs level of surfactant production mobility of thoracic cage
51
when the diaphragm pulls down
pressure is less and air moves in
52
mechanics of inspiration
initiated by respiratory control centre in medulla contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles increases volume of lungs by moving down
53
cm of movement during inhalation
quiet 1cm forced 10cm
54
what increases thoracic cavity
external intercostal muscles moving ribs up and out
55
expiration is...
passive
56
what helps elastic recoil in exhalation
elastic fibres in connective tissue and surface tension of film of fluid that coats alveoli
57
surface tension
attractive forces between adjacent molecules of liquid of film stronger than between liquid and gas stabilising alveoli
58
what provides evidence of surface tension
greater lung compliance when inflated with saline
59
quiet breathing summary
active inhalation passive exhalation diaphragmatic breathing (dominated by diaphragm) costal breathing (dominated by ribcage)
60
forced breathing summary
hyperpnea active inhalation and exhalation assisted by accessory muscles max levels at exhaustion
61
ventilation formula
VE = f x VT (VE = vol of air in per min f=breaths per min Vt=tidal volume)
62
alveoli ventialtion equation
VA = f x (VT-VD) VD = dead anatomical space
63
functional residual capacity
amount of gas remaining in lungs after normal expiration
64
FEV1
forced expiratory volume in 1 s
65
FVC
forced vital capacity max vol of gas expelled from lungs after Mac inspiration
66
what causes recoil of alveoli
elastic fibres
67
alveolar epithelium features
simple squamous thin delicate type 1 cells patrolled by alveolar macrophages contain septal cells (type 2) producing surfactant
68
henrys law - pressure
when gas under pressure comes in contact with liquid, gas dissolves in it until equilibrium is reached
69
henrys law - temperature
at given temp, amount of gas in solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas
70
5 reasons for efficiency of gas exchange
substantial differences in pp across respiratory membrane distances involved are short gasses are lipid soluble large surface area blood and air flow coordinated
71
pp of gas in blood arriving in pulmonary arteries
low o2 high co2
72
2 circuits
systemic and pulmonary
73
what happens in the systemic circuit
o2 blood mixes with deoxygenated from conducting passageways lowers pp of o2 entering the circuit
74
pp of interstitial fluid
o2 = 40 mm Hg co2 = 45
75
RBC role
o2 to peripheral tissue co2 from tissue remove o2 and co2 from plasma
76
temperature and hb
high = releases o2 low = holds more tightly
77
where does temperature only affect hb
active tissue generating large amounts of heat eg skeletal muscle
78
what enzyme catalyses reaction with water causing the Bohr shift
carbonic anhydrase producing carbonic acid
79
affect of carbonic acid on hb
dissociates into h ion and bicarbonate ion diffusing out RBC lowering pH
80
affect of BPG
more o2 released
81
3 pathways for co2 transport
dissolve in plasma bind to hb convert to carbonic acid
82
what % of co2 remain dissolved in plasma
7

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 (9 decks)

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