endocrine system 2

Question 1

thyroid gland

Answer 1

thyroxine
triiodothyronine
calcitonin

Question 2

adrenal glands

Answer 2

adrenal medulla = epinephrine & norepinephrine
adrenal cortex = cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone & androgens

Question 3

pancreatic islets

Answer 3

insulin
glucagon

Question 4

pituitary hormones

Answer 4

ACTH
TSH
GH
PRL
PSH
LH
OXT
ADH

Question 5

effects of GH

Answer 5

acts on liver
promotes release of somatomedins eg insulin
stimulate tissue repair
increase aa uptake

Question 6

posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 6

ADH
Oxytocin

Question 7

oxytocin

Answer 7

targets in male smooth muscle in ductus deferens and prostate gland
females uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

Question 8

ADH

Answer 8

acts on kidneys for water reabsorption, elevation of blood pressure and volume

Question 9

pineal gland neurons

Answer 9

collaterals from vision pathways

Question 10

what do pinealocytes do

Answer 10

secrete melatonin for circadian rhythm and antioxidant

Question 11

thyroid gland location

Answer 11

anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx

Question 12

thyroid gland structure

Answer 12

2 lobes connected by narrow isthmus

Question 13

role of thyroid hormones

Answer 13

increase sodium potassium ATPase production

Question 14

effects of thyroid hormones

Answer 14

increase o2 consumption
increase hr
increase sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
stimulate rbc formation
increase bone turnover

Question 15

thyroid follicles

Answer 15

hollow spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium
contain colloid (protein fluid)

Question 16

Rolle of thyroid follicles

Answer 16

synthesis tryosine rich thyroglobulin and incorporate iodine

Question 17

cause of thyroid gland swelling

Answer 17

lack of iodine

Question 18

c cells

Answer 18

produce calcitonin
reduces serum calcium
deposition in bone and excretion by kidney

Question 19

role of calcitonin in regulation of calcium ion conc

Answer 19

thyroid glands produces =
increase excretion and deposition in bone =
homeostasis restored and blood levels decline =
normal calcium in blood =
rising levels =
back to start

Question 20

role of PTH in regulation of calcium ion conc

Answer 20

normal blood level =
falling calcium levels =
parathyroid secrete PTH =
increase reabsorption by kidneys, ca release from bone & increase calcitriol =
increase ca levels

Question 21

parathyroid glands

Answer 21

posterior thyroid
cells produce PTH

Question 22

role of PTH

Answer 22

increase serum calcium

Question 23

adrenal cortex releases …

Answer 23

steroid hormones

Question 24

adrenal medulla releases …

Answer 24

catecholamines eg fight or flight

Question 25

sections of adrenal cortex

Answer 25

zona reticularis - androgens zona fasciculata - glucorticoids zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids

Question 26

androgens

Answer 26

anabolic effects

Question 27

glucorticoids

Answer 27

cortisol promoting glucose synthesis, fat and protein catabolism and anti inflammatory

Question 28

glucorticoids

Answer 28

cortisol promoting glucose synthesis, fat and protein catabolism and anti inflammatory

Question 29

mineralocorticoids

Answer 29

effect electrolyte consumption

Question 30

pancreatic islets

Answer 30

alpha (glucagon) beta (insulin)

Question 31

pancreatic acini

Answer 31

secrete into digestive tract

Question 32

insulin

Answer 32

increase rate of glucose transport, utilisation and conversion to glycogen increase aa absorption and protein synthesis increase trig synthesis

Question 33

glucagon

Answer 33

increase break down of glycogen to glucose, fatty acids and release of glucose

Question 34

diabetes mellitus

Answer 34

high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia)

Question 35

results of diabetes if untreated

Answer 35

kidney damage retinal damage periphery nerve damage

Question 36

type I diabetes

Answer 36

insulin dependent injection inadequate insulin produced

Question 37

type II diabetes

Answer 37

tissue not responsive to insulin

Question 38

patterns of hormonal interaction

Answer 38

antagonistic (opposing effects) synergistic (addictive) permissive (one needed for another to effect) integrative (diff but complementary results)

Question 39

antagonistic hormones

Answer 39

PTH and Calcitonin

Question 40

synergistic hormones

Answer 40

GH and glucocorticoids

Question 41

phases of general adaptation syndrome

Answer 41

alarm phase resistance phase exhaustion phase

Question 42

alarm phase

Answer 42

sympathetic activation and epinephrine and norepinephrine increase hr and energy usage

Question 43

resistance phase

Answer 43

GH and glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids and ADH lipids and aa released peripheral tissue breaks down lipids liver synthesise glucose = high blood conc loss of salts and water

Question 44

exhaustion phase

Answer 44

exhaustion of lipids reserves can't produce glucocorticoids failure of electrolyte balance damage to vital organs