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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 > endocrine system 2 > Flashcards

endocrine system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

thyroid gland

A

thyroxine
triiodothyronine
calcitonin

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2
Q

adrenal glands

A

adrenal medulla = epinephrine & norepinephrine
adrenal cortex = cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone & androgens

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3
Q

pancreatic islets

A

insulin
glucagon

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4
Q

pituitary hormones

A

ACTH
TSH
GH
PRL
PSH
LH
OXT
ADH

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5
Q

effects of GH

A

acts on liver
promotes release of somatomedins eg insulin
stimulate tissue repair
increase aa uptake

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6
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH
Oxytocin

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7
Q

oxytocin

A

targets in male smooth muscle in ductus deferens and prostate gland
females uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

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8
Q

ADH

A

acts on kidneys for water reabsorption, elevation of blood pressure and volume

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9
Q

pineal gland neurons

A

collaterals from vision pathways

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10
Q

what do pinealocytes do

A

secrete melatonin for circadian rhythm and antioxidant

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11
Q

thyroid gland location

A

anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx

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12
Q

thyroid gland structure

A

2 lobes connected by narrow isthmus

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13
Q

role of thyroid hormones

A

increase sodium potassium ATPase production

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14
Q

effects of thyroid hormones

A

increase o2 consumption
increase hr
increase sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
stimulate rbc formation
increase bone turnover

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15
Q

thyroid follicles

A

hollow spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium
contain colloid (protein fluid)

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16
Q

Rolle of thyroid follicles

A

synthesis tryosine rich thyroglobulin and incorporate iodine

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17
Q

cause of thyroid gland swelling

A

lack of iodine

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18
Q

c cells

A

produce calcitonin
reduces serum calcium
deposition in bone and excretion by kidney

19
Q

role of calcitonin in regulation of calcium ion conc

A

thyroid glands produces =
increase excretion and deposition in bone =
homeostasis restored and blood levels decline =
normal calcium in blood =
rising levels =
back to start

20
Q

role of PTH in regulation of calcium ion conc

A

normal blood level =
falling calcium levels =
parathyroid secrete PTH =
increase reabsorption by kidneys, ca release from bone & increase calcitriol =
increase ca levels

21
Q

parathyroid glands

A

posterior thyroid
cells produce PTH

22
Q

role of PTH

A

increase serum calcium

23
Q

adrenal cortex releases …

A

steroid hormones

24
Q

adrenal medulla releases …

A

catecholamines eg fight or flight

25
Q

sections of adrenal cortex

A

zona reticularis - androgens
zona fasciculata - glucorticoids
zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids

26
Q

androgens

A

anabolic effects

27
Q

glucorticoids

A

cortisol promoting glucose synthesis, fat and protein catabolism and anti inflammatory

28
Q

glucorticoids

A

cortisol promoting glucose synthesis, fat and protein catabolism and anti inflammatory

29
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

effect electrolyte consumption

30
Q

pancreatic islets

A

alpha (glucagon)
beta (insulin)

31
Q

pancreatic acini

A

secrete into digestive tract

32
Q

insulin

A

increase rate of glucose transport, utilisation and conversion to glycogen
increase aa absorption and protein synthesis
increase trig synthesis

33
Q

glucagon

A

increase break down of glycogen to glucose, fatty acids and release of glucose

34
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia)

35
Q

results of diabetes if untreated

A

kidney damage
retinal damage
periphery nerve damage

36
Q

type I diabetes

A

insulin dependent
injection
inadequate insulin produced

37
Q

type II diabetes

A

tissue not responsive to insulin

38
Q

patterns of hormonal interaction

A

antagonistic (opposing effects)
synergistic (addictive)
permissive (one needed for another to effect)
integrative (diff but complementary results)

39
Q

antagonistic hormones

A

PTH and Calcitonin

40
Q

synergistic hormones

A

GH and glucocorticoids

41
Q

phases of general adaptation syndrome

A

alarm phase
resistance phase
exhaustion phase

42
Q

alarm phase

A

sympathetic activation and epinephrine and norepinephrine
increase hr and energy usage

43
Q

resistance phase

A

GH and glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids and ADH
lipids and aa released
peripheral tissue breaks down lipids
liver synthesise glucose = high blood conc
loss of salts and water

44
Q

exhaustion phase

A

exhaustion of lipids reserves
can’t produce glucocorticoids
failure of electrolyte balance
damage to vital organs

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 (9 decks)

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