endocrine system

Question 1

function of endocrine system

Answer 1

regulates long term processes eg growth, reproduction

Question 2

main glands

Answer 2

hypothalamus
pituitary
parathyroid
pineal
thyroid
adrenal
pancreatic islets

Question 3

organs with secondary endocrine function

Answer 3

heart
adipose tissue
reproductive organs

Question 4

endocrine glands structure

Answer 4

ductless
endocrine cells
good blood supply

Question 5

hormones process

Answer 5

bind to receptors in target cells. if not receptors, no response

Question 5

hormones process

Answer 5

bind to receptors in target cells. if not receptors, no response

Question 6

anabolic steroids

Answer 6

have receptors in muscle that stimulate muscle protein production

not all build muscle

Question 7

risks of anabolic steroids

Answer 7

early skeletal and sexual maturation
damage to liver, CV system
high cholesterol
reduced sperm
facial hair

Question 7

risks of anabolic steroids

Answer 7

early skeletal and sexual maturation
damage to liver, CV system
high cholesterol
reduced sperm
facial hair

Question 8

3 types of hormones

Answer 8

AA derivatives - small
peptide hormones - chain of AA
lipid derivatives - steroid and eicosanoids

Question 9

AA derivatives (tyrosine)

Answer 9

thyroid and catecholamines

Question 10

AA derivatives (tryptophan)

Answer 10

melatonin

Question 11

peptide hormones

Answer 11

insulin
oxytocin
glucagon

Question 12

what hormones are lipid soluble

Answer 12

lipid and AA derivatives

Question 13

what hormones are water soluble

Answer 13

all

Question 14

2 locations of receptors

Answer 14

on cell membrane triggers signalling cascade for non lipid hormones and peptide hormones

inside cell - steroid and thyroid as lipid soluble

Question 15

activation of cAMP

Answer 15

activated G protein activates enzyme adenylate cyclase
adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP (second messenger) activates kinase enzyme
affects target cell

Question 16

how the same hormone can have a different affect on different target cells

Answer 16

adrenaline binding to beta receptors increase cAMP
binding to alpha breakdown cAMP

Question 17

steroid hormone action

Answer 17

diffuse through cell
binds to receptor inside
complex into nucleus
binds to dna
activated genes
produce proteins from mRNA

Question 18

thyroid hormone action

Answer 18

into cell
binds to receptors at mitochondria and nucleus
binds to dna
gene activation

Question 19

what happens to free hormones

Answer 19

remain functional for less than an hour
bind to target cell receptors or broken down in liver or enzymes

Question 20

thyroid and steroid hormones when not used

Answer 20

remain in circulation longer
enter bloodstream for longer

Question 21

hypothalamus

Answer 21

interface between nervous and endocrine system
regulate hormones affect pituitary function

Question 22

pituitary anterior

Answer 22

hormones that control other organs

Question 23

pituitary posterior

Answer 23

oxytocin and ADH

Question 24

3 mechanisms of hypothalamus

Answer 24

produce ADH and oxytocin and release in pituarty
secrete regulatory hormones controlling anterior pituartry
control sympathetic output to adrenal medulla (catecholamines)

Question 25

anterior lobe

Answer 25

pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
pars distalis

Question 26

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 26

neurosecretory neurone at median eminence secrete regulatory factors
enter fenestrated capillaries in hypothalamus
portal veins
capillary bed in anterior p

Question 27

negative feedback TRH

Answer 27

hormone 1 = TSH
target organ = thyroid gland
hormone 2 = thyroid hormones

Question 28

negative feedback CRH

Answer 28

hormone 1 = ACTH
target organ = adrenal cortex
hormone 2 = glucocorticolds

Question 29

negative feedback GnRH

Answer 29

hormones 1 = FSH LH
target organs = testes ovaries
hormones 2 = progesterone estrogen androgens

Question 30

additional pathways eg prolactin regulation

Answer 30

hypo produces releasing factor PRF and inhibiting hormone PIH

Question 31

additional pathways eg growth hormone

Answer 31

hypo produces releasing hormone GH-RH and inhibiting GH-IH

Question 32

growth hormone effect of pituitary hormones

Answer 32

acts on liver to promote release of somatomedins eg insulin which stimulate tissue growth and AA uptake

GH act directly on tissue stimulate cell division, trig breakdown and glycogen breakdown