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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of digestive system

A

ingestion
mechanical processing
digestion
secretion
absorption
excretion

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2
Q

digestive track major subdivisions

A

oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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3
Q

accessory organs of digestive system

A

salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas

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4
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane with 2 layers

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5
Q

2 layers of peritoneum

A

visceral - covers organs
parietal - lines cavities

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6
Q

peritoneal fluid function

A

lubricates allowing expansion and sliding past each other

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7
Q

mesenteries

A

series of ligaments suspended allowing passage of blood vessels nerves etc keeping in correct position

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8
Q

requirements of digestive tract

A

protection from
enzymes
acids
mechanical stress
pathogens

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9
Q

4 layers of tract

A

mucosa - opening
submucosa
musclaris externa - smooth
serosa - provides slippery outer cover

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10
Q

mucosa structure

A

stratified squamous epithelia in oral cavity and oesophagus
simple columnar with mucus cells

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11
Q

lamina propria

A

loose connective tissue

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12
Q

muscularis mucosae structure

A

2 layers
inner circular (diametre)
outer longitudinal (length)
covered in villi

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13
Q

submucosa structure

A

dense irregular connective tissue
vessels
contain glands

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14
Q

submucosal plexus

A

neural network
controls activities of digestive system

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15
Q

what system controls movements of muscularis external

A

enteric nervous system - by parasympathetic system by neurones

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16
Q

what can replace the serosa structure

A

adventitia - dense sheath of collagen fibres to attach adjacent structures
in oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and rectum

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17
Q

what cells control smooth muscle

A

pace setter cells

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18
Q

where are pacesetter cells located

A

muscularis mucosae and externa

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19
Q

how to pace setter cells stimulate contraction

A

spontaneous depolarisation moving food through digestive system

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20
Q

which muscles contract first when moving food

A

circular then longitudinal

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21
Q

function of oral cavity

A

sensory analysis of food
mechanical proceses
lubrication
limited digestion

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22
Q

2 enzymes in oral cavity

A

amylase and lingual lipase

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23
Q

saliva functions

A

lubricate
dissolve
initiate digestion

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24
Q

saliva contents

A

water
electrolytes
buffers
muffins
antibodies

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25
Q

3 salivary glands

A

parotid - ear
sublingual - under tongue
submandibular

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26
Q

phases of swallowing

A

buccal
pharyngeal
oesophageal
bolus enters stomach

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27
Q

oesophagus function

A

convey food and liquid to stomach

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28
Q

resting tone of oesophagus

A

3cm

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29
Q

what anchors oesophagus to surrounding structures

A

adventitia

30
Q

enzymes in stomach

A

pepsin
lingual lipase
amylase

31
Q

what’s intrinsic factor

A

substance needed for vet B12 absorption

32
Q

structure of stomach

A

fundus - superior
pylorus - exit

33
Q

3rd muscle layer in the stomach

A

oblique - mixing food

34
Q

folds of the stomach

A

rugae

35
Q

what epithelial line stomach

A

simple columnar to produce mucus and protect

36
Q

gastric pits and glands

A

cells at base divide and replace superficial protection of lining

37
Q

gastric glands cells

A

parietal - secretion of HCL
chief cells - secretion pepsinogen (converts to pepsin by HCL)
G cells - secret gastric to increase activites

38
Q

pyloric glands cells

A

G and D cells - D cells release somatostatin inhibiting gastrin

39
Q

mechanics of parietal cells producing HCL

A
  • carbonic anhydrase converts co2 and h2o to carbonic acid which dissoclates to form h ions
  • counter transport ejects bicarbonate ions and import chloride
  • chloride diffuse across cell and exit through open channels into lumen of gastric gland
  • h ions active transported into lumen
40
Q

what mechanisms protect stomach

A

mucous lining
rapid cell division
separate secretion of H and Cl in parietal cells
secretion of inactive precursor eg pepsinogen
stimulation of secretion only when needed
inhibition - CCK GIP secretin

41
Q

duodenum

A

25cm
neutralises chyme
receives secretion from pancreas and liver
fewer place circulates and villi

42
Q

duodenum

A

2.5m
most chemical digestion and absorption
many villi

43
Q

ileum

A

3.5m
lymphoid nodules - lymph function

44
Q

lymph vessel running up the small intestine villi

A

lacteal

45
Q

intestinal glands

A

epithelial dividing at base adding enzymes to lumen

46
Q

brush border enzymes

A

membrane proteins breaking down material in contact eg enteropeptidase activating pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen

47
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

produce hormones in response to pH

48
Q

enteroendocrine cells hormones

A

cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide

49
Q

intestinal juice

A

moistens chyme and keeps in solution buffering acids

50
Q

panaceas enzymes

A

alpha amylase
lipase
nucleases
proteases
peptidases
secreted as inactive proenzymes

51
Q

where are enzymes activated

A

activated at small intestine

52
Q

cells of pancreas

A

endocrine secretion of insulin and glucagon
exocrine secrete pancreatic juice

53
Q

liver structure and receiving of blood

A

2 veins
1/3 from hepatic artery
2/3 from hepatic portal vein

54
Q

hepatic portal vein function

A

filtered blood from the rest of the digestive system

55
Q

how does the liver filter blood

A

hexagonal lobules with portal areas containing branch of hepatic portal vein, artery and bile duct
blood flows past these and solutes absorbed and proteins secreted.

56
Q

where in the liver does the blood drain

A

central vein

57
Q

function of liver

A

metabolism
remove waste
vit storage eg fat soluble
mineral storage
drug inactivation
control blood eg antigen
synthesis plasma protein
circulate hormones
produce bile

58
Q

when is bile release

A

when CCK releases triggering dilation of hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of gall bladder

59
Q

4 colons

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid

60
Q

function of large intestine

A

reabsorption of water, bile and vits
site of bacterial vit production
compaction of intestinal contents into faeces

61
Q

structure of large intestine

A

lack villi
abundant mucous cells - less water so need more
longitudinal layer - has taeniae (incomplete)

62
Q

controlling movement through large intestine

A

para increases and sympathetic inhibits
local reflexes eg pH changes stretch
central reflex (gastoentric stimulates mobility and gastroileal triggers opening of valve from small)

63
Q

gastrin hormone action (stomach)

A

acid production by parietal cells
stimulation of gastric motility

64
Q

GIP hormone action (Duodenum)

A

release insulin
inhibits gastrin

65
Q

secretin and CCK hormone action (duodenum)

A

release pancreatic enzymes
bile secretion

66
Q

VIP hormone action

A

dilation of intestinal capillaries

67
Q

breakdown of carbs

A

oral - amylase
stomach - disaccharides
small int - disaccharides by alpha amylase
intestinal mucosa (brush border) - lactase, maltase, sucrase. (cell body) - monosaccharides

68
Q

breakdown of lipids

A

oral - lingual lipase
small int - bile - monoglycerides and fatty acid
intestinal mucosa - trigs, chylomicrons

69
Q

where do chylomicrons leave

A

lacteal in villi and then lymphatic system

70
Q

breakdown of protein

A

stomach - polypeptides
small int - AA

71
Q

protein enzymes in small intestine

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
elastase
carboxypeptidase

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 (9 decks)

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