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Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

components of lymphatic system

A

lymphatic tissue
bine marrow
lymph
lymphatic vessels

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2
Q

what do lymph cells respond to

A

environmental pathogens
toxins
abnormal body cells

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3
Q

4 parts of lymphatic system

A

lymph (fluid)
lymphatic vessels (carry lymph from peripheral tissue to venous system)
lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs
lymphoid cells

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4
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

produce / maintain lymphocytes
return fluid and solutes to blood
distribute hormones and nutrients

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5
Q

where is lymphocyte production and distribution

A

production = lymphoid tissue, organs and red bone marrow
distribution = through lymph vessels to injury

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6
Q

lymphatic vessels and capillaries structure

A

begin as capillaries closed at one end
located between cells
merge to form vessels with thin walls and valves

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7
Q

lymphatic capillaries vs vessels

A

capillaries start as blind pockets, larger diameter, thinner walls and irregular

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8
Q

lymph trunks and ducts structure

A

trunk includes lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian and jugular trunks

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9
Q

what do lymphatic trunks merge to form

A

thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

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10
Q

what are the circulating lymphocytes

A

T cells
b cells
nk cells

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11
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs where immune cells become immunocompetent

A

red bone marrow
thymus

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12
Q

what are secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

lymph nodes
spleen
lymphoid nodules

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13
Q

route of lymph flow through nodes

A

afferent lymphatic vessel
subcapsular sinus
trabecular sinus
medullary sinus
efferent lymphatic vessel

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14
Q

lymph organ vs lymphoid nodules

A

organs = separated from surrounding tissue by fibrous capsule
nodules = bundle of lymphoid tissue without capsule eg tonsils

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15
Q

flow of lymph

A

interstitial fluid
lymph capillaries
lymph vessels
lymph trunk
lymph ducts
subclavian veins

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16
Q

lymph node circulation: afferent lymphatics

A

subcapsular space containing macrophages and dendritic cells
through outer cortex contain B cells in germinal centres
through deep cortex dominated by t cells
through core with b and plasma cells
into hilum and efferent lymphatics

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17
Q

lymph node function

A

filter
remove debris, pathogens and antigens

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18
Q

what is the cause of swelling of lymph nodes

A

inflammation

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19
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

chronic or excessive enlargement of nodes

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20
Q

7 categories of non specific defences

A

physical barrier
phagocytic cells
immunological surveillance
interferons
complement system
inflammation
fever

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21
Q

phagocytosis

A

pathogen phagocytized by antigen presenting cell
lysosome action produces antigenic fragments
ER produces class II MHC proteins
antigenic fragments bind to above
fragments displayed on membrane

22
Q

microphages

A

neutrophils and eosinophils
leave blood stream
enter peripheral tissue

23
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytic cells from monocytes
distributed through body
make up monocyte-macrophage system
fixed or free

24
Q

how do macrophages respond to pathogens

A

engulf (lysosomal enzymes)
bind (other cells destroy)
destroy (release toxic chemicals)

25
Q

NK cells

A
  1. recognise and adhesion
  2. realignment of golgi
  3. secretion of perforin
  4. lysis of abnormal cell
26
Q

interferons

A

proteins (cytokines) released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages

27
Q

3 types of interferons

A

alpha - produces leukocytes, stimulate NK cells
beta - secreted by fibrocytes, show inflammation
gamma - secreted by t and NK cells, stimulate macrophage activity

28
Q

what do interferons do

A

increase resistance of cells to viral infection

29
Q

complement system

A

enhances ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism

30
Q

complement system process

A

antobody binds
c1 attaches
c1 activated and cascades
c3b attaches
pore formation in bacteria

31
Q

complement cascade

A

11 complement proteins to antibody action causing a chain

32
Q

2 complement cascade pathways

A

classical (fast)
alternative (slow)

33
Q

effects of complement activation

A

attract phagocytes
enhance phagocytosis
stimulate inflammation
destruction of target cell membrane

34
Q

inflammation and tissue repair - response to damaged tissue

A

increased blood flow
mast cells release histamine
phagocytes move to site
neutrophils remove debris
clot forms
activation of fibrinogen

35
Q

fever

A

increased body temp due to release of pyrogens

36
Q

pyrogens

A

any material that causes hypothalamus to raise body temp

37
Q

role of a fever

A

mobilise defences
accelerate repair
inhibit pathogens

38
Q

specific immunity divisions

A

cell mediated (T cells recognise fragments)
humoral (B cells recognise and bind to antigens)

39
Q

MHC proteins

A

used to distinguish self and non self

40
Q

classes of MHC proteins

A

class I = on all nucleated cells
class II = on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes

41
Q

antigen expression on cell membrane

A

virus has abnormal peptides
class I incorporates it
transported to cell membrane and displayed

42
Q

which protein is involved in antigen expression

A

class I MHC

43
Q

which protein is involved in antigen presentation

A

class II MHC on APC’s and lymphocytes

44
Q

2 types of T cells

A

cytotoxic - destroy viral infected cells
helper - stimulate function of t and B cells
supressor - inhibit t and B cells

45
Q

5 types of antibody

A

IgG (80% in blood)
IgA (gland secretion eg mucus)
IgM (in lymph
IgD (surfaces of B cells)
IdE (in. blood)

46
Q

active vs passive immunity

A

a = produce antibodies that develop due to antigens
p = produce my transfer of antibodies

47
Q

types of active immunity

A

induced = develop after administration of antigen
naturally acquired = develop after exposure

48
Q

types of passive immunity

A

naturally acquired = conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta
induced = conferred by administration

49
Q

allergy

A

when a person is overly reactive to a substance that is well tolerated by others

50
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when immune system fails to display self tolerance and instead attacks own tissue

51
Q

transplant rejection

A

body recognising transplant as non self and produces specific immune response

Anatomy and Physiology Semester 2 (9 decks)

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