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NB401 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the Nasal Conchae?

A

warms/makes air moist to not damage the lungs as cold dry air is damaging to the lungs

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2
Q

How are the non-respiratory parts (bronchioles) supplied with blood?

A

Via the bronchiole artery arising from the aorta

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3
Q

How are the Respiratory parts supplied with blood?

A

Via the pulmonary artery

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4
Q

What nerve supplies the lungs

A

Vagus nerve CN10

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5
Q

How many lobes are on each lung and why?

A

Right = 3
Left = 2 because there heart is in the way meaning the left lobe is smaller and more compressed

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6
Q

3 Purposes of Bronchiole Tree

A
  1. lined with ciliated columnar epithelial’s which moisten/protect from pathogens
  2. be a pathway to the respiratory zone for air
  3. Cartilage towards the top to maintain airway opening (no Cartlidge at the bottom)
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7
Q

What is Dead Space?

A

vol of air filling conducting zone (30% of tidal volume)

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8
Q

What does the Conducting Zone Include?

A

All areas of the nose down to the bronchus

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9
Q

What does the Respiratory Zone Include? What’s it for?

A

All areas from the distal airways down to the alveoli. The place where gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and the capillaries

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10
Q

4 Different Control centres for Blood Pressure

A

Pons, Medulla, hypothalamus, Cerebrum

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11
Q

Control Centre: Pons

A

Pontine respiratory group (PRG) including pnuemtaxic and Apneustic

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12
Q

What does the pnuemtaxic and Apneustic parts of the brain control in breathing?

A

Pnuemotaxic = rate/pattern of breathing Apneustic = intensity of breathing

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13
Q

What are the parts of the medulla?

A

Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory group (VRG)

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14
Q

What are the DRG and VRG responsible for?

A

DRG = inspiration
VRG = expiration

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15
Q

Why are signals send to the hypothalamus and Cerebrum parts of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus - sent here due to emotional change e.g. anxiety, fear, pain
Cerebrum - Part of the brain for Voluntary breathing e.g. swimming

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16
Q

What does the Central Chemoreceptor monitor/do. Where is it found?

A

monitors CO2, pH lvl’s and communicates with control centre via glossopharyngeal nerve CN9. Found in the brain stem.

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17
Q

What does Peripheral Chemoreceptors monitor/do? Where is it found?

A

monitors O2, CO2 and pH, communicates with control centre via Vagus nerve CN10. Found in aorta/______?

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18
Q

Mechanoreceptors (nose, lungs, GI tract) What do they do?

A

monitors pressure, registers when lungs are full/empty

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19
Q

Negative Feedback system of Blood Pressure in terms of CO2 conc

A
  1. Increase in CO2 conc detected by central chemoreceptors
  2. Changes to O2, CO2 and pH in blood detected by peripheral chemoreceptors
  3. The signals from the receptors are sent to the respective parts of the control centre which then send motor neurone impulses to the effectors to increase breathing rate, depth, intensity to remove CO2
  4. Opposite happens if CO2 conc is too low
20
Q

What does Hyperventilation cause?

A

hypocapnia (very low CO2 lvl’s) as well as high blood pH. The lvl of O2 in the blood increases to 100% to due extra breathing

21
Q

Hyperventilation during Panick Attacks

A

-Sometimes patients can pass out (but breathing will return to normal and will regain consciousness)
-Ca2+ and K+ deficiency (hypocalcaemia + hypokalaemia) caused by hypocapnia are responsible for the paraesthesia (pins and needles) in fingers

22
Q

Deliberate and Therapeutic Hyperventilation

A

Deliberate Hyperventilation - technique used by many people/professions e.g., athletes/free divers
Therapeutic Hyperventilation is used in treatment of traumatic brain injury as it lowers ICP (intra-cranial-pressure)

23
Q

C1-C3

A

Accessory Muscles

24
Q

C3, C4, C5

A

Diaphragm - “C3 C4, C5 keep the diaphragm alive”

25
Q

T1-T11

A

Intercostal Muscles

26
Q

T6-L1

A

Abdominal Muscles

27
Q

Process of Inspiration

A
  1. External intercostal muscles contract while internal relax
  2. Causing ribs to move up and outward
  3. Diaphragm contracts downwards
  4. Thorax vol increases, decreasing pressure
  5. Therefore, pressure outside is higher than inside so air forced in going from high conc to low conc down conc gradient
28
Q

Process of Expiration

A
  1. Internal Intercostal muscles contract while external muscles relax
  2. Ribs move down and inwards
  3. Diaphragm relaxes moving upwards
  4. Causing volume of thorax to decrease, increasing pressure
  5. Atmospheric pressure now lower than internal pressure so air is forced out from high to low conc
29
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

pressure and vol are always inversely proportional at a given temperature

30
Q

What is the Pleural Membrane?

A

A membranous sac surrounding the lungs to maintain negative pressure within its 2 layers. The pressure is slightly lower than atmospheric pressure so it’s there to protect the lungs from collapse

31
Q

How is Negative Pressure maintained in the pleural sac?

A

1, Visceral Layer adhesion to elastic lung
2. Parietal layer adhesion to thoracic wall
3. Pleural fluid lubrication

32
Q

Illness’ that disrupts pleural membrane

A
  • infection/inflammation (pleurisy)
  • Effusion (XS fluid)
  • Pneumothorax
33
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

When atmospheric air gets through the pleural membrane into the lungs and can’t escape. Pressure build and builds until lung collapses

34
Q

How can a pneumothorax cause cardiac arrest?

A

If pressure is too great it can push onto the heart, reducing the space it can beat in causing cardiac arrest

35
Q

What causes a pneumothorax?

A

Caused by, puncture, trauma, CPR, spontaneous

36
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

Diffusion - the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient

37
Q

Gas Exchange in Alveoli

A
  • O2 will diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries down the concentration gradient
  • Waste (not all) CO2 will then diffuse from the capillaries into the alveoli down the concertation gradient
38
Q

Haemoglobin is a _______ protein that carries __ O2 molecules
Some O2 carried in _______ but a lot less so
Hb has ___________ (red blood cells)
O2 associates and dissociates to and from the Hb into blood plasma where it is delivered to the _________

A

globular, 4, plasma, erythrocytes, tissues

39
Q

Tidal Volume

A

the amount of air inspired/expired during normal breathing

40
Q

Total Lung Volume

A

the total vol of air in which would completely fill the lungs

41
Q

Vital Capacity

A

inspiratory/expiratory. How much you breath in/out (what you think is full/empty)

42
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

how much air is still in your lungs after normal exhalation

43
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

how much air you can breathe in after normal exhalation

44
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

how much air you can still breath in after normal inhalation

45
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

how much air you can still breath out (force out) after normal exhalation

46
Q

Residual Volume

A

how much air is still in your lungs after you have forced out as much as you can

NB401 (14 decks)

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