Cardiovascular System; Heart and Blood Vessels

Question 1

What is the Heart?

Answer 1

Muscular double pump, generating the force to pump blood through the body/lungs. Provides a one-way system for blood.

Question 2

What are Diastole and Systole’s?

Answer 2

Diastole is the filling of the ventricles while Systole is the contraction of the muscle upwards, pumping/emptying the blood into the ventricles

Question 3

Which coronary vessel supplies cardiac muscle blood?

Answer 3

Aortic Ostia

Question 4

What are the main vessels of coronary arteries?

Answer 4

Main Vessels; Right Coronary Artery and Left Coronary Artery which splits into left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery

Question 5

2 Parts to Cardiac Muscle + What’s a tamponade?

Answer 5

Outer layer - Pericardium which protects and lubricates to reduce friction damage. Tamponade - air/fluid fills the pericardium layer. Myocardium - Heart Muscle

Question 6

3 Types of Myocardium Cell

Answer 6

-Cardiac Fibres - Involved in contraction (muscle pump) + Mechanical which requires electrical stimulation
-Nodal
-Conducting - for the transmission of action potential (electrical impulse)

Question 7

What do Nodal cells divide into?

Answer 7

Automaticity - the ability to spontaneously generate and discharge an electrical impulse
Rhythmicity - the ability to maintain a stable, repetitive depolarisation and repolarisation within the cardiac muscle

Question 8

What are the Functions of Cardiovascular System?

Answer 8

• Carrying O2 to cells & remove cell waste
• Collect nutrients from intestine
• Carry white blood cells to aid immune response
• Generate/maintain blood pressure that helps these processes

Question 9

Cardiac Output Calculation

Answer 9

Cardiac Output = Stroke Vol x Heart Rate

Question 10

Blood Pressure Calculation

Answer 10

Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Systemic Vascular Resistance

Question 11

Cardiac Output Definition

Answer 11

quantity of blood ejected by the left ventricle each minute (litres per min)

Question 12

Stroke Volume Definition

Answer 12

quantity of blood ejected into the systemic, usually related to the force of ventricular contraction

Question 13

How is an Aortic Aneurysm’s Created?

Answer 13

Something interrupts the tunica interna layer e.g. no longer smooth/damaged. The turbulence/current created chips away at each layer creating a bulger of blood causing an increase in pressure till it bursts

Question 14

What causes Aortic Aneurysm’s?

Answer 14

Large amounts of adrenaline, cholesterol/fat build up

Question 15

2 Types of Aortic Aneurysm’s

Answer 15

Thoracic or Abdominal

Question 16

Functions of the Blood Vessels

Answer 16

Arteries - carry blood away from the heart into arterioles Arterioles - Branches of arteries to control flow to capillaries Veins - carry deoxygenated blood from capillaries back to heart Capillaries - carry blood straight to cells, to diffuse with cell fluid to exchange materials with tissues

Question 17

Functions to Different Parts to Blood Vessels

Answer 17

• Tough Fibrous Outer Layer - Withstands high pressure
• Muscle - Contracts to control blood flow
• Elastic - Stretches and recoils back to maintain blood pressure
• Endothelium - thin for diffusion
• Lumen - Central cavity in which blood flows

Question 18

Structure Relating to Function; Artery

Answer 18

Thickest Muscle - contracts to control blood flow
Thick Elastic - Stretches for recoil to maintain high pressure
Thick Wall - Withstand high pressure
No Valves - blood doesn’t flow backwards

Question 19

Structure Relating to Function; Arterioles

Answer 19

Thicker Muscles - muscle contracts to reduce flow of blood in lumen to control the blood supply to capillaries Thinner Elastic - to reduce pressure

Question 20

Structure Relating to Function; Vein

Answer 20

Thinner Muscle - carry blood away therefore don’t need high pressure
Thin Elastic - low pressure so too low for recoil Thinner Wall - lower pressure, allow flattening to air blood flow Valves - Ensure blood doesn’t flow backwards and goes to heart

Question 21

Structure Relating to Function; Capillary

Answer 21

1 Cell Thick - short diffusion pathway to tissue fluid
Narrow Diameter- Never far from tissue for diffusion
Narrow Lumen - Brings blood closer to tissue fluid for material exchange
Spaces between lining (Endothelial cells) - Allow white blood cells to escape to deal with infections

Question 22

Where Percentages of Blood are in each Part of the Body?

Answer 22

Pulmonary =12%
Heart =8%
Arteries = 15%
Capillaries =5%
Veins =60%