Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Purpose of Musculoskeletal system

Answer 1

Provides shape, support, stability and movement to the body and is subdivided into muscular and skeletal systems

Question 2

What is the Muscular System Part?

Answer 2

• Consists of all muscle types but particularly skeletal muscle as they enable joints within the skeletal system to move
• Tendons (muscle to bone) also apart of the muscular system
• Muscle also stores glycogen, fuelling the cells of the body

Question 3

What is the Skeletal System Part?

Answer 3

• All types of bone, particularly skeletal ones.
• Joints (where bones articulate together) along with ligaments, Cartlidge and bursae are also part of skeletal system
• Bones store minerals and aid the formation of blood cell components which are used by the body

Question 4

What are the 3 Groups of Muscle?

Answer 4

• Cardiac (striated) striated meaning long, thin, parallel lines
• Skeletal (striated)
• Smooth (non-striated)

Question 5

What NS Controls Each Muscle Group?

Answer 5

Skeletal - Somatic NS under voluntary control

Smooth/cardiac - Autonomic NS under involuntary control

Question 6

What are the 4 Groups of Skeletal Muscles?

Answer 6

1. Muscles of the head/neck
2. Muscles of the trunk
3. Muscles of the upper limbs
4. Muscles of the upper limbs
5. Muscles of the lower limbs

Question 7

What is the Skeletal Muscles Structure like?

Answer 7

contains muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, vascular tissue and myocytes

Question 8

What are Myocytes?

Answer 8

contain protein called Actin and Myosin which enable the muscle fibres to contract and relax

Each muscle fibre is encompassed by connective tissue called endomysium

Question 9

Structure of Muscle Fibres

Answer 9

• Grouped together in bundles and encompassed by connective tissue called perimysium
• Bundles group together forming muscles enclosed by another sheath, the epimysium
• Further layer of connective tissue separates muscles from other tissue called the fascia
• The epimysium, perimysium and endomysium extend beyond the main section of muscle fibres to form tendons connecting muscle to bone

Question 10

Naming Skeletal Muscles (3 Parts)

Answer 10

Size: vastus (huge), maximus (large), longus (long), minimus (small), brevis (short)

Shape: deltoid (triangular), latissimus (wide), rhomboid (equal parallel sides), trapezius (4-sided w/ parallel sides)

Location: pectorallis (chest), gluteus (buttock), brachii (arm), infra- (below), sub- (under), lateralis (lateral)

Question 11

The Main Movements

Answer 11

• Flexation and extension
• Adduction and abduction
• Rotation
• Supination and pronation

Question 12

The 2 Divisions of Bones

Answer 12

• Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
• Appendicular (126 bones)

Question 13

Structure of Bones

Answer 13

Compact (cortical) - bone forms the hard outer layer

Spongy (cancellous) - bones forms the vascularised and metabolically active layer. Has air spaces to make it less dense/less heavy

Question 14

What are the Classification of Bone Shapes?

Answer 14

• Long (tubular)
• Short (cuboid, round)
• Flat (thin, flattened, curved)
• Sesamoid bone (embedded in tendon where a tendon passes over a joint)
• Irregular bones (don’t fit into previous categories)

Question 15

What is Articular Cartlidge?

Answer 15

flexible connective tissue aiding the articulating surfaces to bear weight and glide with little friction

Question 16

Ligaments

Answer 16

Similar structure, ligaments, connect bone to bone. Main function is to provide stability to articulating bones/reinforce joint

Question 17

Tendons

Answer 17

The epimysium, perimysium and endomysium extend beyond the main section of muscle to form tendons which attach muscle to bone

Question 18

Bursae

Answer 18

• Small fluid filled sacs providing cushioning and reducing friction between tissues in the body in the MSK
• In between large joints - shoulders, elbows, hips, knees)

Question 19

Characteristics of Synovial Joints

Answer 19

Bones are not in direct contact but divided by a ‘synovial space’ lined w/ synovial membrane which secrete synovial fluid, nourishing and lubricating articulating surfaces to reduce friction eg shoulder, knee, elbow

Question 20

Characteristsics of Fibrous Joints

Answer 20

Bones are connected by dense fibrous connective tissue allowing only very small movement eg sutures of the skull

Question 21

What Synovial Joints are there? And Where are they Found?

Answer 21

• Ball and Socket (hip)
• Condyloid (wrist/knee)
• Hinge (elbow)

Question 22

Haematopoiesis

Answer 22

How the skeletal system protects the internal organs, stores Ca, Phosphorus and produces new blood cells within the bone marrow