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NB401 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Planes?

A

Frontal Plane/Coronal - Splits the front (anterior) from the back (posterior)

Median/Suggital - Splits the body in 2, separating right from left

Transverse/Horizontal - Parallel to the floor, divides upper and lower body

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2
Q

Functions of the Skin (6)

A
  • Protection; microorganisms, dehydration, UV and mechanical dmg
  • Sense; pain, temp, touch, deep pressure
  • Movement
  • Endocrine; synthesis of Vitamin D
  • Immunity - alerts to pathogens, inflammation, repair
  • Regulate temperature
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3
Q

What do Melanocytes do? How are they Triggered?

A
  • Produces melanin which protects the skin from UV
  • Malignant Melanoma - Ca of the melanocytes
  • Triggered by exposure to UV radiation + hormone - oestrogen/progesterone
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4
Q

What do Langerhans Cells do? What part of the skin are they in?

A
  • Found in Stratum Basale, Granulosum and Spinosum
  • Resides in epidermis as dense networks of immune system sentinels
  • Purpose - determine appropriate adaptive immune response (inflammation or tolerance)
  • Ingest foreign antigens
  • Interact with helper T Cells
  • Activate macrophages
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5
Q

Where in the Skin can you find Merkel Cells? And what are they for?

A
  • Tactile - receive touch sensation
  • Located in Statum Basale near nerve endings
  • Contact sensory neurones - merked disc
  • Abundant in nail beds, fingertips, genitals
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6
Q

What are the 6 Types of Receptor Cells

A

Tactile Corpuscle - fine touch and pressure

Lamellated - deep pressure, vibration

Ruffini - pressure and distortion of deep dermis

Free Nerve Endings - sensory neurones (nonspecific) responding tactile, pain and temperature

Root Hair Plexus - distortion and movement

Tactile Discs/Merkel Cells - fine touch/pressure

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7
Q

Layers of Skin

A
  1. Statum Basale
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Lucidum
  5. Stratum Coneum
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8
Q

What are the parts/purpose of The Dermis?

A
  • The thickest layer
  • Contains vascular/neurological components
  • Supports epidermis
  • 2 Parts; Papillary dermis (thin) and Reticular dermis (thick)
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9
Q

Functions of Dermis (7)

A
  • Supports epidermis
  • Tensile strength (collagen)
  • Elasticity (dermal elastin)
  • Provide moisture to epidermis
  • Protect underlying structures
  • O2 and nutrient to epidermis
  • Immunology functio
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10
Q

What is the Vascular Supply like in the Skin?

A
  • 8-10% of blood flow found here
  • Blood vessels come from deep structures making a network of capillaries
  • Lined with endothelial cells for healing and clotting
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11
Q

What are the 4 Epidermal Appendages?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Sebaceous Glands
  3. Sudoriferous Glands
  4. Nails
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12
Q

Function of Different Hairs

A
  • Primary function is protection
  • Guards the scalp from injury and sun rays
  • Eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign particles
  • Nasal and ear hair protects from air particles
  • Touch receptors associated with hair follicles are activated by the slightest touch
  • Hair follicles are lined by epithelium
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13
Q

What do Sebaceous Glands do? And what is thr composition of Sebum?

A
  • The secreting portion lies in the dermis and opens into necks of hair follicles
  • Sebum is an oil mixture of fat cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts
  • Stops hair from drying out
  • Lubricates/prevents XS evaporation
  • Soft and pliable
  • Inhibits growth of certain bacteria
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14
Q

What are Sudoriferous Glands? What are the two Types?

A

Sweat glands that start activity at puberty. 2 types based on structure/location. - Apocrine Glands
- Eccrine Glands
- Apocrine Glands

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15
Q

Where do you find Apocrine Glands?

A

Confined to axilla, groin, pigmented area’s of breasts and beards in men

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16
Q

Where in the skin & body do you find Eccrine Glands? And What is sweat and its purpose?

A
  • Tubular/coiled and distributed throughout the body
  • High concs found in forehead, palms, feet soles
  • Secretory portion found in dermis or subcutaneous layer, surrounded by blood vessels
  • Its excretory duct is sweat pores
  • Sweat is composed of water, lactic acid, amino acids, NH3, sebum, salts, NaCl, urea and sugar
  • Sweat’s purpose is to regulate body temperature
17
Q

Purpose and Contents and Subcutaneous Layer?

A
  • In hypodermis
  • Not official part of the skin
  • Has adipose tissue, fat stores therefore stores energy
  • Provides insulation and shock absorption
18
Q

What Can be Absorbed through the Skin

A
  • Fat soluble vitamin; A, D, E and K
  • Certain drugs
  • Toxic materials - acetone, salts, heavy metals eg Pb, Mc, poison ivy
  • O2 and CO2
19
Q

Vitamin D Synthesis

A
  • Synthesised in the epidermal layer when exposed to UV radiation
  • In sunlight cholecalciferol is derived from the steroid cholesterol
  • The liver converts cholecalciferol -> calcidiol → calcitriol in the kidneys
  • Purpose is for the absorption of Ca, P for healthy bones
20
Q

Vitamin Deficiencies

A
  • Absence of Vitamin D can lead to rickets where bones are misshapen due to lack of Ca causing bow leggedness
  • Deficiency in the elderly can mean osteomalacia (softening of the bones)
  • Vitamin D also helps with general immunity against bacteria, virus, fungal infection. Deficiency also linked to cancer
21
Q

5 Type of Burn Injuries

A

Thermal Burns - external heat sources causing tissue death or charring. Hot metals, scalding liquid, steam, flames

Radiation Burns - Caused by prolonged exposure to UV rays or therapeutic cancer treatment or nuclear plant leaks

Chemical Burns - caused by strong acids, alkaline, detergents, solvents coming in contact with skin or eyes

Electrical Burns - burns from electrical current, AC or DC

Friction Burns - Direct dmg to cells the heat generated by friction eg rope/treadmill

22
Q

First 2 Burn Depths

A
  1. Superficial - Epidermis onlyAppearance; dry flaky. Heals in 3-5 days with minimal scarring
  2. Superficial partial thickness - upper 1/3 dermis

Appearance; painful blisters, maybe oedema, eschar (thick leathery surface of dead tissue). Minimal scarring, heals within 1-2 weeks

23
Q

2nd Two Burn Depths

A
  1. Deep partial thickness - All of dermis
    Appearance; red waxy, reduced pain sensation, blisters and eschar. Heals in 2-3 weeks, surgical intervention needed to prevent significant scarring.
  2. Full thickness - epidermis/subcutaneous
    Appearance: bloodless-pear-white, eschar, hair easily plucked. Requires surgical interventio
24
Q

Rule of Nine

A

Tool for estimating % area of burn where the body is divided into sections of 9%

NB401 (14 decks)

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