Respiratory system 1 Flashcards
Where does the upper respiratory tract start and end?
Starts at the nasal cavity
Ends at the lower border of the larynx
What do components of the upper respiratory tract do to inhaled air?
Conduct, humidify, warm and filter it
What is mucosa?
An epithelial tissue layer with lots of mucous producing goblet cells
In the respiratory tract what does the mucosa consist of mainly? Describe it
Pseudo stratified epithelium, its a single layer of columnar epithelium with cilia lining the apical surface
Where do cilia move the mucous in the respiratory tract and why?
They move it to the oral cavity so it can be swallowed and pathogens killed by acid in the stomach
How many layers are there in pseudo stratified epithelium?
One (it looks like there are multiple due to the distribution of the nuclei in different parts of the cell)
What is the role of stratified epithelium?
Physical protection, its found in areas where there is mechanical and chemical stress like the bladder, vagina, oral cavity
What is the role of simple epithelium?
Allowing absorption or secretion eg in GI or respiratory tract
Whats the difference between stratified and simple epithelium?
Stratified is multiple layers simple is one layer
Whats the role of microvilli?
To increase surface area of epithelial cells for faster rates of absorption or secretion
What is the basement membrane?
A flexible layer of ECM on which epithelial cells sit, it provides physical support and controls the passage of substrates into and out of epithelial cells
What opening is found right under the nasal bone?
Piriform aperture
Describe the skin on the nose
At the top it is loose and mobile, lower down near the nostrils it is thicker, more cartilaginous and attached to the underlying structures
What is the bridge of the nose formed by?
The septal cartilage
What are the 2 lateral cartilages of the nose?
Lateral cartilages and the alar cartilages underneath it
What are the 2 parts of the alar cartilage?
Lateral and medial crus
What is above and below the nasal septum?
The anterior cranial fossa is above it and the hard palate is below it
What is found behind the nasal cavities?
The nasopharynx
What is found at the highest part of the nasal septum?
The olfactory area which contains fibres of the olfactory nerve
What does the olfactory nerve go through?
Cribriform plate
What does the septal cartilage run down and attach to?
The anterior nasal sine of the maxillary bone
What is the inside of the nostril up to the septal cartilage called? What is it lined with?
The nasal vestibule, its lined with skin
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
Inside the nostril the nasal vestibule is lined with skin, the rest of the cavity is line with mucous membrane
How many conchae are found in the nasal cavity and what are they called?
Upper, middle and lower
Where do the paranasal sinuses and nasal lacrimal duct open into?
The nasal cavity
What opening does the infundibulum recieve?
Opening of the frontal and maxillary sinuses
What does the sphenoid sinus open into?
The nasal cavities highest part (the sphenoethmoidal recess)
What is the body of the mandible formed by?
The alveolar process and the base
What are the 3 main parts of the hyoid bone?
The body, the greater horn and the lesser horn
What are the gums above and below the molars called?
Gingivi
Where are the hard and soft palate in the mouth found?
Hard palate is the roof of the mouth near the front, soft palate is the roof of the mouth near the back
How many premolars and molars do you have on one side of the mouth on one row of teeth?
2 of each
Going from the top of the tooth to the bottom what are the 3 parts?
The crown, the root and the apex
Infection of which sinus is most common and why?
Maxillary sinus because it has close anatomical relations to the maxillary teeth allowing infection to spread easily
Why may fracture of the ethmoid bone cause breathing difficulty?
Fracture of the labyrinth may allow communication between the nasal cavity and the orbit. It is then possible for air to enter the orbit and cause orbital emphysema
How is the proximity of the cricoid cartilage to the oesophagus useful in a clinical procedure?
Sellick maneuver- cricoid pressure is applied during endotracheal intubation to reduce the risk of regurgitation. It occludes the oesophagus which passes directly behind the cartilage
What is the clinical significance of the piriform fossa?
It is a common sight for food to become lodged
