Respiratory system 1

Question 1

Where does the upper respiratory tract start and end?

Answer 1

Starts at the nasal cavity

Ends at the lower border of the larynx

Question 2

What do components of the upper respiratory tract do to inhaled air?

Answer 2

Conduct, humidify, warm and filter it

Question 3

What is mucosa?

Answer 3

An epithelial tissue layer with lots of mucous producing goblet cells

Question 4

In the respiratory tract what does the mucosa consist of mainly? Describe it

Answer 4

Pseudo stratified epithelium, its a single layer of columnar epithelium with cilia lining the apical surface

Question 5

Where do cilia move the mucous in the respiratory tract and why?

Answer 5

They move it to the oral cavity so it can be swallowed and pathogens killed by acid in the stomach

Question 6

How many layers are there in pseudo stratified epithelium?

Answer 6

One (it looks like there are multiple due to the distribution of the nuclei in different parts of the cell)

Question 7

What is the role of stratified epithelium?

Answer 7

Physical protection, its found in areas where there is mechanical and chemical stress like the bladder, vagina, oral cavity

Question 8

What is the role of simple epithelium?

Answer 8

Allowing absorption or secretion eg in GI or respiratory tract

Question 9

Whats the difference between stratified and simple epithelium?

Answer 9

Stratified is multiple layers simple is one layer

Question 10

Whats the role of microvilli?

Answer 10

To increase surface area of epithelial cells for faster rates of absorption or secretion

Question 11

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 11

A flexible layer of ECM on which epithelial cells sit, it provides physical support and controls the passage of substrates into and out of epithelial cells

Question 12

What opening is found right under the nasal bone?

Answer 12

Piriform aperture

Question 13

Describe the skin on the nose

Answer 13

At the top it is loose and mobile, lower down near the nostrils it is thicker, more cartilaginous and attached to the underlying structures

Question 14

What is the bridge of the nose formed by?

Answer 14

The septal cartilage

Question 15

What are the 2 lateral cartilages of the nose?

Answer 15

Lateral cartilages and the alar cartilages underneath it

Question 16

What are the 2 parts of the alar cartilage?

Answer 16

Lateral and medial crus

Question 17

What is above and below the nasal septum?

Answer 17

The anterior cranial fossa is above it and the hard palate is below it

Question 18

What is found behind the nasal cavities?

Answer 18

The nasopharynx

Question 19

What is found at the highest part of the nasal septum?

Answer 19

The olfactory area which contains fibres of the olfactory nerve

Question 20

What does the olfactory nerve go through?

Answer 20

Cribriform plate

Question 21

What does the septal cartilage run down and attach to?

Answer 21

The anterior nasal sine of the maxillary bone

Question 22

What is the inside of the nostril up to the septal cartilage called? What is it lined with?

Answer 22

The nasal vestibule, its lined with skin

Question 23

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

Answer 23

Inside the nostril the nasal vestibule is lined with skin, the rest of the cavity is line with mucous membrane

Question 24

How many conchae are found in the nasal cavity and what are they called?

Answer 24

Upper, middle and lower

Question 25

Where do the paranasal sinuses and nasal lacrimal duct open into?

Answer 25

The nasal cavity

Question 26

What opening does the infundibulum recieve?

Answer 26

Opening of the frontal and maxillary sinuses

Question 27

What does the sphenoid sinus open into?

Answer 27

The nasal cavities highest part (the sphenoethmoidal recess)

Question 28

What is the body of the mandible formed by?

Answer 28

The alveolar process and the base

Question 29

What are the 3 main parts of the hyoid bone?

Answer 29

The body, the greater horn and the lesser horn

Question 30

What are the gums above and below the molars called?

Answer 30

Gingivi

Question 31

Where are the hard and soft palate in the mouth found?

Answer 31

Hard palate is the roof of the mouth near the front, soft palate is the roof of the mouth near the back

Question 32

How many premolars and molars do you have on one side of the mouth on one row of teeth?

Answer 32

2 of each

Question 33

Going from the top of the tooth to the bottom what are the 3 parts?

Answer 33

The crown, the root and the apex

Question 34

Infection of which sinus is most common and why?

Answer 34

Maxillary sinus because it has close anatomical relations to the maxillary teeth allowing infection to spread easily

Question 35

Why may fracture of the ethmoid bone cause breathing difficulty?

Answer 35

Fracture of the labyrinth may allow communication between the nasal cavity and the orbit. It is then possible for air to enter the orbit and cause orbital emphysema

Question 36

How is the proximity of the cricoid cartilage to the oesophagus useful in a clinical procedure?

Answer 36

Sellick maneuver- cricoid pressure is applied during endotracheal intubation to reduce the risk of regurgitation. It occludes the oesophagus which passes directly behind the cartilage

Question 37

What is the clinical significance of the piriform fossa?

Answer 37

It is a common sight for food to become lodged