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Anatomy Y2 > Lower Limb 2 > Flashcards

Lower Limb 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Formed when peripheral spinal nerve roots merge and split to produce a network of nerves

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2
Q

What nerves emerge from a nerve plexus?

A

Multisegmental peripheral nerves

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3
Q

What plexus supplies the lower limb?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

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4
Q

What are the 3 nerves that emerge from the lumbar plexus?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve

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5
Q

What trunk comes out of the lumbar plexus?

A

Lumbosacral trunk

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6
Q

What are the 4 main nerves that come out of the sacral plexus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Sciatic nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

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7
Q

What spinal nerves make up the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L2-5, S1-3

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8
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

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9
Q

What spinal nerves is the femoral nerve made of?

A

L2, 3, 4

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10
Q

What nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

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11
Q

What spinal nerves is the obturator nerve made of?

A

L2, 3, 4

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12
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior thigh, anterior/posterior leg and the foot?

A

Sciatic nerve

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13
Q

What spinal nerves if the sciatic nerve made of?

A

L4, 5, S1, 2, 3

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14
Q

What is the terminal branch of the femoral nerve?

A

Saphenous nerve

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15
Q

What does the saphenous nerve supply?

A

Antero medial leg

Medial foot

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16
Q

What nerve supplies the adductor muscles in the thigh?

A

The obturator nerve

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17
Q

What muscle is a landmark for nerves passing from the buttock to the interior pelvis?

A

Piriformis

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18
Q

Where does the superior gluteal nerve enter the buttock?

A

Superior to the piriformis

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19
Q

What muscles does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae latae

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20
Q

Where does the inferior gluteal nerve enter the buttock?

A

Inferior to the piriformis

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21
Q

What muscles does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

Gluteus maximus

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22
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve enter the buttock?

A

Inferior to the piriformis

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23
Q

Where does the superior posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh enter the buttock?

A

Inferior to the piriformis

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24
Q

In relation to the gluteus maximus, where does the sciatic nerve run?

A

Deep to it

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25
Q

In the posterior leg, what does the sciatic nerve split into?

A

Common peroneal nerve

Tibial nerve

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26
Q

What does the common peroneal nerve bifurcate into?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve and deep peroneal nerve

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27
Q

What does the superficial peroneal nerve supply?

A

Lateral muscles, skin of dorsum of foot

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28
Q

What does the deep peroneal nerve supply?

A

Anterior muscles and skin of cleft between 1st and 2nd toes

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29
Q

Where is the common peroneal nerve most susceptible to injury?

A

Below the knee where it comes around to the anterior leg

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30
Q

What muscles does the tibial nerve supply?

A

Superficial and deep muscle compartments of the posterior leg

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31
Q

How does the tibial nerve enter the foot?

A

At the ankle it passes posteriorly to the medial malleolus

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32
Q

What are the terminal branches of the tibial nerve?

A

Lateral and medial plantar nerves

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33
Q

What is a useful acronym for remembering the dermatomes of the anterior leg?

A

L3 to the knee

L4 to the floor

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34
Q

What are autonomous zones?

A

Regions of non overlapping sensory supply from an individual spinal root

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35
Q

What are the main arteries that supply the lower limb?

A

Iliac arteries

36
Q

What blood vessel bifurcates to form the left and right common iliac arteries?

A

Abdominal aorta

37
Q

What does the internal iliac artery supply?

A

Lateral thigh and buttock

38
Q

What does the external iliac artery supply?

A

The lower limb apart from the lateral thigh and buttock

39
Q

What does the external iliac artery go under when passing from the pelvis into the thigh?

A

Inguinal ligament

40
Q

What does the external iliac artery become as it descends?

A

Femoral artery

41
Q

What does the femoral artery become as it descends?

A

Popliteal artery

42
Q

Where does the popliteal artery run?

A

The posterior leg

43
Q

What is the main artery of the thigh? Where does it come from?

A

Deep femoral artery, is a branch of the femoral artery

44
Q

What does the femoral artery pass through before entering the posterior leg as the popliteal artery?

A

The hiatus of the adductor magnus muscle

45
Q

Where can the femoral pulse be palpated?

A

On the anterior thigh at the most proximal point in the thigh in the middle

46
Q

What are the arteries that supply the femur?

A

Lateral and medial circumflex arteries

Acetabular branch of the obturator artery

47
Q

Which artery supplying the head of the femur is more important in children and why?

A

Acetabular branch of the obturator artery as their bones are still growing

48
Q

Why are the arteries supplying the femur important in terms of fracture?

A

Damage to the bloody supply can cause avascular necrosis of the femoral head

49
Q

What does the popliteal artery become as it descends?

A

Tibial artery

50
Q

What branches arise from the popliteal artery to supply the knee?

A

Genicular branches

51
Q

What does the tibial artery become as it descends?

A

Posterior tibial artery

Anterior tibial artery

52
Q

What branches off the posterior tibial artery?

A

Peroneal artery

53
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery become as it enters the foot?

A

Medial plantar artery

Lateral plantar artery

54
Q

What arteries supply the posterior and lateral aspects of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

Peritoneal artery

55
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery run along?

A

Interosseous membrane

56
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery become as it enters the foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

57
Q

Where is the popliteal pulse palpated?

A

Posterior knee

58
Q

Where is the plantar pulse palpated?

A

Medial aspect of bottom of foot near heel

59
Q

Where is the dorsalis pedis pulse palpated?

A

Medial aspect of foot, halfway between the big toe and ankle

60
Q

Where in the ankle does the posterior tibial artery run?

A

Medially in between the calcaneal tendon and tendons of posterior muscles

61
Q

What artery does the dorsalis pedis artery give rise to on the dorsal aspect of the foot?

A

Arcuate artery/arch

62
Q

What do the medial and lateral plantar arteries form on the plantar surface of the foot?

A

Plantar arch

63
Q

How are the arcuate and plantar arches connected?

A

By perforating arteries

64
Q

What are the 2 routes by which venous return occurs in the lower limb? How are they different to each other?

A

Deep- accompanies the arteries

Superficial- close to the limb surface

65
Q

What is special about the deep venous drainage of the lower limb?

A

The veins accompany and have the same names as the arteries (the blood just flows in different ways)

66
Q

What are venae comitantes?

A

Distal deep veins in the lower limb that arent single
They are multiple veins that form a network of smaller veins with arteries which they accompany. they allow heat exchange and the artery pulse promotes venous flow

67
Q

How are valves in the lower limb veins arranged?

A

To only allow distal to proximal flow of blood

68
Q

What do veins of the lower limb run between and why?

A

Muscles so that when they contract the blood is also pushed eg the calf pump

69
Q

What dangerous condition can poor venous drainage in the lower limb cause?

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

70
Q

How do compression socks reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis?

A

They squeeze the superficial veins and promote venous drainage via the deep system

71
Q

What are the 2 main superficial veins of the leg?

A

Long saphenous vein

Short saphenous vein

72
Q

What does the long saphenous vein drain into?

A

The femoral vein

73
Q

Where does the long saphenous vein run?

A

Past the anterior malleolus, up the inner leg then pierces the fascia latae to drain into the femoral vein

74
Q

What does the short saphenous vein drain into?

A

The popliteal vein

75
Q

Where does the short saphenous vein run along?

A

Posterior to lateral malleolus, rungs along the posterior leg then drains into the popliteal veins

76
Q

What are the superficial veins often harvested for?

A

Venous grafts, most commonly coronary artery bypass grafts

77
Q

How are deep and superficial veins connected? What is special about connections between them?

A

By perforating veins- they have a valve that only allows flow from superficial to deep

78
Q

What are varicose veins? How do they form?

A

They form when there is valvular malfunction in the perforating veins between deep and superficial veins. It causes build up of blood in the superficial veins and can be painful. There is higher risk of DVT as venous drainage is impaired

79
Q

How do lymphatic vessels in the lower limb run?

A

Alongside veins so there is a deep and superficial set

80
Q

What are the 2 main sets of nodes in the lower limb? What do they each drain?

A

Popliteal nodes- drain distal limb

Inguinal nodes- drain limb and pudendal region, perineum, anus and parts of the lower abdomen

81
Q

What does the superficial posterior leg lymph vessel run along?

A

The short saphenous vein

82
Q

What is the femoral triangle outlined by?

A

Superiorly: inguinal ligament
Medially: adductor longus
Laterally: sartorius

83
Q

What does the femoral triangle contain?

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Superficial and deep lymph nodes

84
Q

Out of the femoral artery vein and nerve which is most lateral and which is most medial?

A

Nerve is most lateral, then artery and vein is most medial

85
Q

What is the popliteal fossa outlined by?

A

Superiorly: semimembranosis and biceps femoris muscles
Inferiorly: lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius muscles

86
Q

What does the popliteal fossa contain?

A

Tibial and common peroneal nerves
Popliteal artery and vein
Popliteal lymph nodes

87
Q

What is the fascia covering the popliteal fossa pierced by?

A

The short saphenous vein

Anatomy Y2 (11 decks)

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