Cardiological systems 1 Flashcards
What blood vessels are responsible for extra dural haemorrhages?
Cerebral bridging veins
What blood vessels are responsible for sub dural haemorrhages?
Middle meningeal arteries
What blood vessels are responsible for sub arachnoid haemorrhages?
Cerebral arteries
What are the main pairs of veins draining the head?
Internal and external jugular veins
Fracture of what part of the skull may result in extra dural haematoma?
Pterion
What 2 pairs of vessels supply the brain with blood?
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
How does the internal carotid enter the cranial cavity?
Through the carotid canal
What supplies the neurohypophysis? What do they allow?
Hypophyseal arteries they allow releasing factors to be carried from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis
What are the 2 terminal branches of the internal carotid artery? Where does it split into these branches
Anterior and middle arteries
Splits into them lateral to the optic chiasm
What artery supplies the primary motor and sensory cortices for the whole body (excluding the leg)?
Middle cerebral artery
What blood vessel does the vertebral artery arise from?
Subclavian artery
How does the vertebral artery enter the cranial cavity?
Through the foramen magnum
What is the largest branch of the vertebral artery and what does it supply?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which supplies the inferior aspect of the cerebellum
Where do the 2 vertebral arteries go?
They converge at the junction of the medulla and pons to form the basilar artery
What is the basilar artery formed from?
The convergence of the 2 vertebral arteries
What does the superior cerebral artery supply?
The superior aspect of the cerebellum
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
The visual cortex of the occipital lobe and the inferomedial aspect of the temporal lobe
What are the internal carotid and vertebrobasilar systems are joined by?
Posterior communicating arteries
What are the numerous small vessels penetrating the surface of the brain called?
Perforating arteries
What are the 2 groups of perforating arteries?
Anterior and posterior perforating arteries
What does the anterior cerebral artery pass into?
The great longitudinal fissure
What do strokes related to the carotid artery lead to?
Focal epilepsy, a contralateral sensory/motor deficit and a psychological deficit (e.g. aphasia)
What do strokes related to the vertebrobasilar circulation lead to?
Focal brainstem syndrome
What symptoms follow an aneurysm?
A sudden severe headache and neck stiffness are followed by coma and neurological deficit
What is angioma?
A congenital collection of swollen blood vessels that can rupture
What does the middle cerebral artery pass into?
Lateral fissure
What is the principal terminal branch of the basilar artery?
Posterior cerebral artery
What is different about veins in the brain?
They dont have valves
What veins drain the internal structures of the forebrain ?
Deep cerebral veins
What do the internal cerebral veins form when they unite?
Great cerebral vein
What is the great cerebral vein continuous with?
The straight sinus
Where do the superficial veins lie?
Within the subarachnoid space
Where do the superior cerebral veins empty?
Superior sagittal sinus
Where does the superficial middle cerebral vein empty?
Cavernous sinus
What is the dural venous sinus formed by?
The 2 layers of the dura mater
What drains into the dural venous sinus?
The deep and superficial cerebral veins
Where do the superior sagittal and straight sinus converge?
Confluence of sinuses
What sinus is continuous with the sigmoid sinus?
Transverse
What does venous drainage of the brain involve?
Deep veins, superficial veins and dural venous sinuses
What do the deep cerebral veins drain into?
The great cerebral vein
What sinus is the great cerebral vein continuous with?
Straight sinus
What do the superficial veins empty into?
Superior sagittal sinus and the cavernous sinus
Where does venous blood flow after the confluence of sinuses?
Via the transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus, into the internal jugular vein
What is the brachial artery a continuation of?
Axillary artery
Where does the brachial artery terminate and into what?
Terminates just distal to the elbow joint where it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries
Whats the largest branch of the brachial artery?
Profunda brachii artery
Where does the profunda brachii artery run?
The posterior compartment of the arm
How does the profunda brachii artery enter the posterior arm?
Through the triangular interval, which is formed by the shaft of the humerus, the inferior margin of the teres major muscle, and the lateral margin of the long head of the triceps muscle
What are the main veins of the arm and where do they run?
Paired brachial veins pass along the medial and lateral sides of the brachial artery
What are the other veins of the arm?
Basilic vein
Cephalic vein
What does the radial artery originate from and where?
The brachial artery at the neck of the radius
Where does the radial artery penetrate the hand?
Between the bases of metacarpals I and II
What in the hand does the brachial artery supply?
The thumb and lateral side of the index finger
Where does the ulnar nerve lie in comparison to the ulnar artery?
Immediately medial
Where does the ulnar artery enter the hand?
By passing lateral to the pisiform bone
What is the major artery supplying the lower limb?
Femoral artery
What is the femoral artery a continuation of?
External iliac artery
What supplies the gluteal region?
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
What supplies the medial component of the thigh?
Obturator artery
How is collateral circulation in the thigh created?
Anastomotic network of many of the arteries in the thigh
What 2 channels do the superficial veins of the thigh form?
The great saphenous vein and the small saphenous vein
What do the great saphenous vein and the small saphenous vein originate from?
Dorsal venous arch in the foot (great from the medial side, small from the lateral side)
What does the great saphenous vein connect with and where?
Femoral vein just inferior to the inguinal ligament
What does the small saphenous vein connect with and where?
Popliteal vein posterior to the knee
What artery is the major blood supply to the foot?
Popliteal artery
What supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
Anterior tibial artery
What supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
Posterior tibial artery
What are the 2 main branches of the posterior tibial artery?
Circumflex fibular artery
Fibular artery
What anatomical sight does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
Lateral border of the first rib
What anatomical sight does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
L1-2
What anatomical sight does the brachial artery bifurcate into radial and ulnar arteries?
Cubital fossa
What anatomical sight does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?
Inguinal ligament
What anatomical sight does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
Popliteal fossa
What anatomical sight does the popliteal artery become the anterior and posterior tibial arteries?
Lower margin of teres major
What anatomical sight does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
L4
What anatomical sight do the renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta?
L3
