Lower Limb 1 Flashcards
What are the 2 main regions of the lower limb?
Buttock/hip
Free lower limb
What is the leg?
Region between knee and ankle
What are the 3 parts of the free lower limb?
Thigh, leg and foot
When there is flexion at the knee joint where does the leg move?
Posteriorly
How do movements concerning the elbow and knee differ?
Flexion causes movement in opposite directions
How do dermatomes in the lower limb differ to the upper limb?
They have twisted oblique fields due to internal rotation at the hip during foetal development
In the leg are the extensors anterior or posterior?
Anterior
In the leg are the flexors anterior or posterior?
Posterior
What is the main bone in the hip/buttock region?
Pelvic girdle
What is the thigh bone called?
Femur
What is the knee bone called?
Patella
What are the 2 leg bones?
Tibia and fibula
What are the 3 sets of bones in the foot?
Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
What is the pelvic girdle formed by?
2 hip bones
What bones articulate at the sacro-iliac joint?
The sacrum and the 2 hip bones posteriorly
What 2 bones articulate at the pubic symphysis?
The 2 hip bones anteriorly
Where do the 2 hip bones articulate anteriorly and posteriorly?
Anterior: Pubic symphysis
Posterior: Sacro-iliac joint
What 3 bones fuse to form the hip bones?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
What cartilage is the location of the fusion of the 3 hip bones and what does it form?
Triradiate cartilage
Forms at the acetabulum
At what age do the hip bones fuse?
Around 15 years of age
Which of the 3 pubic bones is posterior?
Ischium
Which of the 3 pubic bones is the largest?
Ilium
What bony structure do the pubic bones have?
Rami
Where do the pubis and ischium fuse?
Superiorly and inferiorly at the rami
What does the femur articulate with proximally and distally?
Proximally: pelvis
Distally: tibia
What runs on the posterior surface of the femur?
Linea aspera
How does the position of the thigh help us walk?
The knees come in closer together under the pelvis which helps us walk unlike in apes whos knees go straight down so they waddle
What does the proximal femur articulate with?
The acetabulum
What is found distally on the femur?
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Which leg bone is weight bearing?
Tibia
Out of the 2 leg bones which is medial and which is lateral?
Medial: tibia
Lateral: fibula
What projections are found at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
Medial and lateral malleolus
What is found at the proximal end of the tibia?
Tibial plateau
What are the 3 parts of the tibial plateau?
Medial and lateral epicondyles as well as the intercondylar tubercles
What does the fibula articulate with proximally?
Only the tibia, NOT the femur, therefore it is not weight bearing
What is the upper surface of the foot?
Dorsum
What is the sole of the foot?
Plantar
What is dorsiflexion?
Toes are pointed superiorly
What is plantarflexion?
Toes are pointed inferiorly
What is inversion of the foot?
Plantar surface is pointed medially
What is eversion of the foot?
Plantar surface is pointed laterally
What is the anatomical name for the large toe?
Hallux
How are the 3 sets of foot bones arranged going from posterior to anterior?
Tarsals, metatarsals, then phalanges
What are the tarsal bones?
Calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms
How many metatarsals and phalanges are there?
5 of each
Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot found?
On the plantar surface where the metatarsal and phalangeal bone of the hallux meet
Out of navicular and cuboid bone which is medial and which is lateral?
Navicular is medial and cuboid is lateral
How many arches are in the foot and why are they useful?
3, they redistribute weight and allow for energy efficiency when walking
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket synoival
What type of joint is the sacro iliac?
Synovial but with limited mobility
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Fibrocartilaginous
What type of joint is the patello-femoral joint?
Gliding synovial
What type of joint is the the proximal tibiofibular?
Plane synovial
What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular?
Fibrous
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial hinge
What type of joint are the joints in the foot?
Synovial
What movement happens when there is flexion at the hip?
Whole leg moves forward
What movement happens when there is extension at the hip?
Whole leg moves backward
What movement happens when there is abduction at the hip?
Whole leg moves laterally away from the body
What movement happens when there is adduction at the hip?
Leg moves from abducted position back to normal
What movement happens when there is lateral rotation at the hip?
Leg twists away from body so toes point away from the body
What movement happens when there is medial rotation at the hip?
Leg twists back from laterally rotated position so toes are pointing forward again
Where does the ligament of the head of the femur attach to the femur?
At the fovea
What ligament is found embedded in the acetabulum
Transverse acetabular ligament
What are the 3 ligaments of the hip joint capsule
Ilio femoral ligament
Pubo femoral ligament
Ischio femoral ligament
What movement happens when there is flexion at the knee joint?
Below the knee moves backwards
What movement happens when there is extension at the knee joint?
Below the knee moves forwards
How are flexion and extension at the knee different to at the hip and why?
They are in opposite directions due to internal rotation of the lower limb during foetal development
What are the 2 main pairs of ligaments that stabilise the knee joint?
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
What are the medial and lateral collateral ligaments also known as
Medial collateral= tibial ligament
Lateral collateral= fibular ligament
Which set of knee ligaments cross over?
Anterior and posterior cruciate
How well do the femur and tibia fit togther?
Not well at all
How is the meniscus named at the knee?
Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
What ligament attaches to the medial meniscus?
Medial collateral/ tibial ligament
What is inflammation of the bursa called?
Bursitis
What foot bone articulates with the distal tibia and fibula at the ankle joint?
Talus
What is the other name for extension of the foot?
Dorsiflexion
What is the other name for flexion of the foot?
Plantarflexion
What movement happens during flexion of the foot?
The toes point downwards
a planted foot goes on tip toe
What movement happens during extension of the foot?
The toes point upwards
At what joints does inversion and eversion occur?
The sub talar and transverse tarsal joints
What movement occurs during inversion of the foot?
The foot rolls so weight is on the lateral side (side of the little toe)
What movement occurs during eversion of the foot?
The foot rolls so weight is on the medial side (side of the big toe)
What are the 2 sets of ligaments at the ankle?
Medial ligaments
Lateral ligaments
Which ankle ligament is most commonly stretched and torn in sprains?
Lateral ligaments
What are the 3 lateral ligaments of the ankle?
Anterior talofibular ligaments
Posterior talofibular ligaments
Calcaneofibular ligaments
What does the medial ankle ligament run between?
From the medial malleolus to the tarsal bones
When a muscle spans a joint what are the two ways it can act?
As a stabiliser or a mover of the joint
How are the muscles in a limb compartment similar?
They tend to have a distinct function, have the same blood supply, have the same nerve supply and are separated by connective tissue
What are the thigh muscles covered by?
Fascia lata
What does the fascia lata thicken to form laterally?
Iliotibial tract
In terms of movement, what do the gluteal muscles do?
Hip extensors, abductors and rotaters
In terms of movement, what do the anterior thigh muscles do?
Knee extensors
In terms of movement, what do the posterior thigh muscles do?
Knee flexors
In terms of movement, what do the medial thigh muscles do?
Thigh adductors
In terms of movement, what do the anterior leg muscles do?
Foot extensors (dorsiflexion)
In terms of movement, what do the posterior leg muscles do?
Foot flexors (plantarflexion)
In terms of movement, what do the lateral leg muscles do?
Foot everters
