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Anatomy Y2 > Lower Limb 1 > Flashcards

Lower Limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the lower limb?

A

Buttock/hip

Free lower limb

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2
Q

What is the leg?

A

Region between knee and ankle

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the free lower limb?

A

Thigh, leg and foot

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4
Q

When there is flexion at the knee joint where does the leg move?

A

Posteriorly

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5
Q

How do movements concerning the elbow and knee differ?

A

Flexion causes movement in opposite directions

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6
Q

How do dermatomes in the lower limb differ to the upper limb?

A

They have twisted oblique fields due to internal rotation at the hip during foetal development

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7
Q

In the leg are the extensors anterior or posterior?

A

Anterior

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8
Q

In the leg are the flexors anterior or posterior?

A

Posterior

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9
Q

What is the main bone in the hip/buttock region?

A

Pelvic girdle

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10
Q

What is the thigh bone called?

A

Femur

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11
Q

What is the knee bone called?

A

Patella

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12
Q

What are the 2 leg bones?

A

Tibia and fibula

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13
Q

What are the 3 sets of bones in the foot?

A

Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

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14
Q

What is the pelvic girdle formed by?

A

2 hip bones

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15
Q

What bones articulate at the sacro-iliac joint?

A

The sacrum and the 2 hip bones posteriorly

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16
Q

What 2 bones articulate at the pubic symphysis?

A

The 2 hip bones anteriorly

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17
Q

Where do the 2 hip bones articulate anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

Anterior: Pubic symphysis
Posterior: Sacro-iliac joint

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18
Q

What 3 bones fuse to form the hip bones?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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19
Q

What cartilage is the location of the fusion of the 3 hip bones and what does it form?

A

Triradiate cartilage

Forms at the acetabulum

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20
Q

At what age do the hip bones fuse?

A

Around 15 years of age

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21
Q

Which of the 3 pubic bones is posterior?

A

Ischium

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22
Q

Which of the 3 pubic bones is the largest?

A

Ilium

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23
Q

What bony structure do the pubic bones have?

A

Rami

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24
Q

Where do the pubis and ischium fuse?

A

Superiorly and inferiorly at the rami

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25
Q

What does the femur articulate with proximally and distally?

A

Proximally: pelvis
Distally: tibia

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26
Q

What runs on the posterior surface of the femur?

A

Linea aspera

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27
Q

How does the position of the thigh help us walk?

A

The knees come in closer together under the pelvis which helps us walk unlike in apes whos knees go straight down so they waddle

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28
Q

What does the proximal femur articulate with?

A

The acetabulum

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29
Q

What is found distally on the femur?

A

Medial and lateral epicondyles

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30
Q

Which leg bone is weight bearing?

A

Tibia

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31
Q

Out of the 2 leg bones which is medial and which is lateral?

A

Medial: tibia
Lateral: fibula

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32
Q

What projections are found at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula

A

Medial and lateral malleolus

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33
Q

What is found at the proximal end of the tibia?

A

Tibial plateau

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34
Q

What are the 3 parts of the tibial plateau?

A

Medial and lateral epicondyles as well as the intercondylar tubercles

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35
Q

What does the fibula articulate with proximally?

A

Only the tibia, NOT the femur, therefore it is not weight bearing

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36
Q

What is the upper surface of the foot?

A

Dorsum

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37
Q

What is the sole of the foot?

A

Plantar

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38
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Toes are pointed superiorly

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39
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Toes are pointed inferiorly

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40
Q

What is inversion of the foot?

A

Plantar surface is pointed medially

41
Q

What is eversion of the foot?

A

Plantar surface is pointed laterally

42
Q

What is the anatomical name for the large toe?

A

Hallux

43
Q

How are the 3 sets of foot bones arranged going from posterior to anterior?

A

Tarsals, metatarsals, then phalanges

44
Q

What are the tarsal bones?

A

Calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms

45
Q

How many metatarsals and phalanges are there?

A

5 of each

46
Q

Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot found?

A

On the plantar surface where the metatarsal and phalangeal bone of the hallux meet

47
Q

Out of navicular and cuboid bone which is medial and which is lateral?

A

Navicular is medial and cuboid is lateral

48
Q

How many arches are in the foot and why are they useful?

A

3, they redistribute weight and allow for energy efficiency when walking

49
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball and socket synoival

50
Q

What type of joint is the sacro iliac?

A

Synovial but with limited mobility

51
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilaginous

52
Q

What type of joint is the patello-femoral joint?

A

Gliding synovial

53
Q

What type of joint is the the proximal tibiofibular?

A

Plane synovial

54
Q

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular?

A

Fibrous

55
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial hinge

56
Q

What type of joint are the joints in the foot?

A

Synovial

57
Q

What movement happens when there is flexion at the hip?

A

Whole leg moves forward

58
Q

What movement happens when there is extension at the hip?

A

Whole leg moves backward

59
Q

What movement happens when there is abduction at the hip?

A

Whole leg moves laterally away from the body

60
Q

What movement happens when there is adduction at the hip?

A

Leg moves from abducted position back to normal

61
Q

What movement happens when there is lateral rotation at the hip?

A

Leg twists away from body so toes point away from the body

62
Q

What movement happens when there is medial rotation at the hip?

A

Leg twists back from laterally rotated position so toes are pointing forward again

63
Q

Where does the ligament of the head of the femur attach to the femur?

A

At the fovea

64
Q

What ligament is found embedded in the acetabulum

A

Transverse acetabular ligament

65
Q

What are the 3 ligaments of the hip joint capsule

A

Ilio femoral ligament
Pubo femoral ligament
Ischio femoral ligament

66
Q

What movement happens when there is flexion at the knee joint?

A

Below the knee moves backwards

67
Q

What movement happens when there is extension at the knee joint?

A

Below the knee moves forwards

68
Q

How are flexion and extension at the knee different to at the hip and why?

A

They are in opposite directions due to internal rotation of the lower limb during foetal development

69
Q

What are the 2 main pairs of ligaments that stabilise the knee joint?

A

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

70
Q

What are the medial and lateral collateral ligaments also known as

A

Medial collateral= tibial ligament

Lateral collateral= fibular ligament

71
Q

Which set of knee ligaments cross over?

A

Anterior and posterior cruciate

72
Q

How well do the femur and tibia fit togther?

A

Not well at all

73
Q

How is the meniscus named at the knee?

A

Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus

74
Q

What ligament attaches to the medial meniscus?

A

Medial collateral/ tibial ligament

75
Q

What is inflammation of the bursa called?

A

Bursitis

76
Q

What foot bone articulates with the distal tibia and fibula at the ankle joint?

A

Talus

77
Q

What is the other name for extension of the foot?

A

Dorsiflexion

78
Q

What is the other name for flexion of the foot?

A

Plantarflexion

79
Q

What movement happens during flexion of the foot?

A

The toes point downwards

a planted foot goes on tip toe

80
Q

What movement happens during extension of the foot?

A

The toes point upwards

81
Q

At what joints does inversion and eversion occur?

A

The sub talar and transverse tarsal joints

82
Q

What movement occurs during inversion of the foot?

A

The foot rolls so weight is on the lateral side (side of the little toe)

83
Q

What movement occurs during eversion of the foot?

A

The foot rolls so weight is on the medial side (side of the big toe)

84
Q

What are the 2 sets of ligaments at the ankle?

A

Medial ligaments

Lateral ligaments

85
Q

Which ankle ligament is most commonly stretched and torn in sprains?

A

Lateral ligaments

86
Q

What are the 3 lateral ligaments of the ankle?

A

Anterior talofibular ligaments
Posterior talofibular ligaments
Calcaneofibular ligaments

87
Q

What does the medial ankle ligament run between?

A

From the medial malleolus to the tarsal bones

88
Q

When a muscle spans a joint what are the two ways it can act?

A

As a stabiliser or a mover of the joint

89
Q

How are the muscles in a limb compartment similar?

A

They tend to have a distinct function, have the same blood supply, have the same nerve supply and are separated by connective tissue

90
Q

What are the thigh muscles covered by?

A

Fascia lata

91
Q

What does the fascia lata thicken to form laterally?

A

Iliotibial tract

92
Q

In terms of movement, what do the gluteal muscles do?

A

Hip extensors, abductors and rotaters

93
Q

In terms of movement, what do the anterior thigh muscles do?

A

Knee extensors

94
Q

In terms of movement, what do the posterior thigh muscles do?

A

Knee flexors

95
Q

In terms of movement, what do the medial thigh muscles do?

A

Thigh adductors

96
Q

In terms of movement, what do the anterior leg muscles do?

A

Foot extensors (dorsiflexion)

97
Q

In terms of movement, what do the posterior leg muscles do?

A

Foot flexors (plantarflexion)

98
Q

In terms of movement, what do the lateral leg muscles do?

A

Foot everters

Anatomy Y2 (11 decks)

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