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Anatomy Y2 > Neurological systems 1 > Flashcards

Neurological systems 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many regions does the vertebral column have?

A

5

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2
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column as you descend?

A 
Cervical 
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
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3
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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4
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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5
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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6
Q

What are the different curvatures of the spine and when do they form?

A

Primary forms in the embryo

Secondary form as you grow

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7
Q

What are some reasons spinal curvatures may be exaggerated?

A

Arthritis
Pregnancy
Weight gain

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8
Q

What sits in between spinal vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral discs

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9
Q

Why are intervertebral discs useful?

A

They allow a certain degree of compression and allow some shock absorbtion

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10
Q

Are all vertebrae the same?

A

No they differ going down the spine depending on what region they come from, generally going down the vertebral bodies get larger, processes get larger and stick out more laterally, facets go form being horizontally placed to being more vertically placed

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11
Q

What is special about the first 2 vertebrae?

A

They have a unique anatomy and dont look like typical vertebrae

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12
Q

What is the name of C1?

A

Atlas

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13
Q

What is the name of C2?

A

Axis

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14
Q

What key feature is missing from the atlas? Where else is it represented

A

It is missing a vertebral body

Its vertebral body has detached and is represented by the odontoid process on the axis (C2)

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15
Q

What else is the odontoid process down as?

A

The dens

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16
Q

What unusual feature does C2 have?

A

A protrusion called the dens

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17
Q

What is the name of the joint between the occipital bone and the atlas?

A

Atlanto occipital joint

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18
Q

What is the name of the joint between C1 and C2?

A

The atlanto axial joint

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19
Q

What else is the atlanto occipital joint known as? Why?

A

The yes joint as its the joint that allows one to nod yes

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20
Q

What else is the atlanto axial joint known as? Why?

A

The no joint as its the joint that allows one to shake their head no

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21
Q

What ligaments do road traffic accidents often cause damage to?

A

The alar or cruciform ligament

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22
Q

What are the ligaments between spinous processes called?

A

Inter spinal ligaments

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23
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament?

A

A continuous thick ligament from the base of the skull to the coccyx

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24
Q

What do the ligamenta flava attach?

A

The lamina of vertebra to the lamina of the vertebra below it

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25
Q

What degree of movement to intervertebral discs have?

A

They have some degree of movement as they allow rotation of the body and allow us to bend down eg to touch our toes

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26
Q

What is found in the middle of intervertebral discs?

A

A jelly like nucleus

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27
Q

Where do nerves emerge?

A

The intervertebral foramen

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28
Q

What passes through the vertebral foramen?

A

The spinal chord

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29
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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30
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

30

31
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5

32
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

1

33
Q

Which nerves exit above their vertebrae?

A

C1-C7

34
Q

Which nerves exit below their vertebrae?

A

C8- coccygeal

35
Q

What are the 2 main enlargements and what level are they found at?

A

Cervical at C3-T1

Lumbar at L1-S2

36
Q

Where does the spinal chord end?

A

L1-L2

37
Q

What is the chorda equina?

A

The space below L1/L2 where the spine has technically ended by it is occupied by nerves

38
Q

Are vertebral and spinal level the same?

A

No, there is discrepancy between where the intervertebral foramen that the nerve exits through and where the nerve actually is. When people have spinal chord injuries we therefore describe the injury at both the spinal and vertebral level

39
Q

What axons does the posterior root contain?

A

Sensory

40
Q

What axons does the anterior root contain?

A

Motor

41
Q

What axons does the anterior ramus contain?

A

Both motor and sensory

42
Q

What axons does the posterior ramus contain?

A

Both motor and sensory

43
Q

What is the other name for rami?

A

Mixed roots

44
Q

How many layers does the dura have? What are they called?

A

2 layers: periosteal and meningeal

45
Q

What layers of the dura extend down the spinal cord?

A

Only the meningeal layer

46
Q

How is the epidural space formed in the spinal chord?

A

As only the meningeal layer of the dura mater extends down the spinal chord not the periosteal layer

47
Q

What can the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord be used for clinically?

A

For taking CSF samples and administering anaesthetics

48
Q

What can the corda equina used for clinically?

A

It has a reserve of CSF where samples can be taken from, anaesthesia can also be administered here

49
Q

When are anaesthetics administered into the corda equina?

A

In C section or hip replacement

50
Q

What do anaesthetics administered into the corda equina numb?

A

The hip below

51
Q

How do anaesthetics have different effects depending on where they are administered?

A

Epidural space: remains fairly local, affects the nerves and doesnt travel up the spine
Subarachnoid space: has an affect over the whole spine as it can travel in the CSF

52
Q

What common condition do prolapsed vertebral discs cause? Why?

A

Sciatica, occurs when there is impingement of the sciatic nerve

53
Q

What is spondylosis?

A

Degeneration of the vertebrae

54
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

Stress fracture of pars interarticularis- between superior and inferior articular facets, can result in slippage

55
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

Forward displacement of vertebra

56
Q

What is spondylitis?

A

Inflammation of vertebrae

57
Q

What ligament is often torn in whiplash injury?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

58
Q

What factors affect spinal cord lesions?

A

Loss of neural tissue
Vertical level
Transverse plane (how many tracts are involved?)

59
Q

How does vertical level effect the outcome of a spinal cord injury?

A

The higher up the lesion is the greater the level of disability

60
Q

Where is the vertebral body on a vertebra?

A

On the anterior

61
Q

Where is the neural arch on a vertebra?

A

Posterior

62
Q

What is the gap in the vertebra called?

A

Vertebral foramen

63
Q

What does the atlas have instead of a vertebral body?

A

An anterior arch

64
Q

What is the anterior part of the atlas’ vertebral foramen occupied by?

A

The odontoid process

65
Q

What is the posterior part of the atlas’ vertebral foramen occupied by?

A

The spinal cord

66
Q

What is the body of the axis prolonged by?

A

The odontoid process

67
Q

What is the role of the odontoid process?

A

It is the pivot around which the atlas rotates

68
Q

What are 3 components of the cruciate ligament?

A

Transverse ligament, superior band and inferior band

69
Q

What does the superior band of the cruciate ligament attach to?

A

From the odontoid process to the base of the occiput

70
Q

What does the inferior band of the cruciate ligament attach to?

A

From the odontoid process to the body of the axis

71
Q

What 2 ligaments are associated with the odontoid process?

A

The cruciate ligament

The alar ligaments

72
Q

What do the alar ligaments attach to?

A

Either side of the odontoid process to the occipital bone

73
Q

What is the role of the alar ligaments?

A

They limit rotation of the head especially in lateral flexion

74
Q

What do the ligamenta flava connect?

A

Arches of the vertebrae

Anatomy Y2 (11 decks)

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