respiratory (simplified) Flashcards
What kind of infection is otitis media?
common, self-limiting VIRAL infection
how does otitis media present?
bulging eardrum
spontaneous rupture of eardrum
how do you treat otitis media?
analgesia
antibiotic treatment usually doesn’t help
what is otitis media?
inflammation of the MIDDLE ear
otitis externa would be the outer ear
URTI examples:
tonsillitis/ pharyngitis
rhinitis
croup
epiglottitis
laryngotracheobronchitis
croup
LRTI examples
bronchiolitis
pneumonia
pertussis
bronchitis
Croup symptoms:
stridor
Coryza (cold, inflamed mucosa in the nose)
hoarse voice
‘barking cough’
how do you treat croup?
oral dexamethasone
how do you treat epiglottitis?
antibiotics and intubation
stridor is usually a symptoms of infections like:
croup
epiglottitis
URTI are very common but are also
self limiting!!!
antibiotics don’t usually help
common bacteria in LRTIs
Strep pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae,
Moraxella catarrhalis,
Mycoplasma pneumoniae,
Chlamydia pneumoniae
if they have a wheeze- what is unlikely?
bacterial cause
if the signs are in one area
creps
high fever
what does this point to in a child?
pneumonia
-
-
what are signs that a child is in respiratory stress?
- increased respiratory rate
- increased heart rate
- nasal flaring
- grunting
- agitation
- use of accessory muscles
what are the signs that a child is in respiratory failure?
low oxygen stats
cyanosis
somnolence
less respiratory rate and heart rate
differentials of cough
asthma
infection
allergic rhinitis
inhaled foreign body
CF
differentials of wheeze
asthma
infection - bronchiolitis/pneumonia
allergy (milk allergy)
inhaled foreign body
CF
differentials for stridor
infection - croup, epiglottitis
anaphylaxis
inhaled foreign body
differentials for respiratory crackles
pneumonia (unilateral)
bronchiolitis (bilateral)
stridor suggests the problem is where?
upper respiratory tract
wheeze suggests the problem is where?
lower respiratory tract
if you hear crackles +/- wheeze in a child - what might they have?
bronchiolitis
bronchiolitis causes:
RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)
paraflu
what are some signs/ symptoms of pneumonia
signs are in one area (focal)
high fever
respiratory stress
bronchial breathing and crackles heard
malaise/ poor feeding
how do you treat pneumonia?
amoxcillin
macrolide
what is whooping cough also known as?
what is the bacteria?
pertussis
bordetella pertussis
common reasons for heart failure in children is structural defects such as:
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
coarctation of the of
aorta
valve disease
coarctation of the aorta (aortic narrowing) is common in what syndrome?
turners
two main defining features of croup
subglottic inflammation
oedema
over 5 years old what do you give for asthma
SABA
LABA / ICS
under 5 years old what do you give for asthma
SABA
LTRA
