infectious diseases (simplified) Flashcards
Sepsis is what two things?
SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome)
and suspected or proven infection
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome comprises of what symptoms?
fever or hypothermia
tachycardia
tachypnoea
leucocytosis
sepsis can result in multi organ failure:
resp failure
renal failure
neurologic failure
haematological failure
liver failure
what is ARDS?
acute respiratory distress syndrome
inflammatory response of the lung
what is septic shock?
cardiovascular failure
what bacteria are responsible for neonatal sepsis?
group B strep
E.coli
Listeria monocytogenes
what bacteria are responsible for sepsis in children?
strep pneumoniae
meningiococcal
Group A strep
Staph Aureus
symptoms of paediatric sepsis
colour: pallor, pale
activity: unresponsive
respiratory: tachypnoea
circulation/hydration: tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill time, reduced urine output, poor feeding
other: fever, rigors, limb/joint swelling,
non blanching rash,
Supportive ABCD for sepsis
Airway
breathing
circulation
D - dont ever forget glucose
how do you treat sepsis?
treat the cause: broad-spectrum antibiotics
3rd generation cephalosporins + amoxicillin if they’re a neonate
how do you investigate sepsis?
bloods:
- FBC (leucocytosis)
- CRP (elevated)
- coagulation factors
- blood gas (acidosis)
- LFTs (hepatic dysfunction)
- glucose
- culture
CSF:
- cell count and culture (increased WCC!!!)
- protein and glucose (glucose will be low)
causes of paediatric meningitis in neonates
Group B strep
E.coli
Listeria monocytogenes
causes of paediatric meningitis in children
Strep pneumonia
meningococci
haemophilus influenzae
symptoms of meningitis in children:
- fever
- headache
- photophobia
- nuchal rigidity
- nausea & vomiting
- diminished consciousness
- focal neurological abnormalities
- seizures
symptoms of meningitis in neonates:
- fever
- poor feeding
- vomiting
- lethargy
- irritability
- respiratory distress
- apnoea
- bulging fontanelle
is strep pneumoniae gram negative or positive?
positive
complications of pneumococcal meningitis
brain damage
hearing loss
hydrocephalus
haemophilus infuenzae
gram negative or positive?
negative
Strep and staph:
gram negative or positive?
gram positive
how do you treat streptococci?
penicillin for 10 days
how do you treat staphylococci?
flucloxacillin (synthetic penicillin)
what is scarlet fever?
Group A strep infection
Symptoms of scarlet fever:
group A strep infection
- fever
- malaise
- sore throat (pharyngitis)
- sandpaper rash, ‘strawberry tongue’
what are some skin infections/ systemic disease that can be caused by staphylococcus aureus
- cellulitis
- impetigo
- infected eczema
- ulceration
- staph scalded skin syndrome
- toxic shock syndrome
Highly contagious
golden sores/ blisters
what is this?
impetigo
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
mostly kids under 5
fever, widespread redness, fluid filled blisters
what is Kawasaki disease?
self-limiting vasculitis of medium sized arteries
symptoms of Kawasaki disease:
fever for 5 days plus:
bilateral conjunctival infection
cracked lips/ strawberry tongue
cervical lymphadenopathy
polymorphous rash
how do you treat Kawasaki disease?
immunoglobulins
aspirin
steroids
immunosuppressive agents
Varicella zoster virus infections symptoms
varicella, chickenpox, zoster
mild malaise and fever
generally not unwell
itchy
papules, vesicles, pustules, crustae, scarring
Varicella treatment
Aciclovir
how do you prevent the varicella zoster virus?
vaccine!!
Herpes simplex virus - difference between type 1 and 2:
HSV1 is oral
HSV 2 is genital
how do you treat herpes?
aciclovir
HIV is an example of what?
a secondary immunodeficiency
how do you investigate an immunodeficiency?
FBC
immunoglobulins
HIV test
Functional antibodies
lymphocyte subsets
complement
