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BPT Clinical > Respiratory Short > Flashcards

Respiratory Short Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of upper lobe pulmonary fibrosis?

A 
Silicosis, sarcoidosis
Miner's (coal) lung
Ankylosing spondylitis/APBA
Radiation
Tuberculosis
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2
Q

Causes of lower lobe pulmonary fibrosis?

A 
Cryptogenic fibrosis alveolitis
Asbestosis
RA
Drugs 
Scleroderma
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3
Q

Signs of severity of ILD?

A 
dyspnoea
CO2 elevation on ABG
6MWT < 88%
gas transfer coefficient < 35% predicted
presence of pulmonary hypertension
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4
Q

Signs of bronchiectasis on HRCT?

A 
signet-ring sign (airway > 1.5 diameter of vessel)
lack of bronchial tapering
bronchial wall thickening
tree in bud
cysts from bronchial wall
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5
Q

Signs of ILD on HRCT?

A 
reticulation
traction bronchiectasis
honeycombing
architectural distortion
volume loss
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6
Q

Lights criteria for exudate?

A

protein > 0.5
LDH >2/3 ULN
pleural:serum LDH > 0.6

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7
Q

Causes of transudate pleural effusion?

A 
heart failure (most common cause of transudate) 
cirrhosis (hepatic hydrothorax) 
nephrotic syndrome
peritoneal dialysis
hypoalbuminaemia
urinothorax
constrictive pericarditis
trapped lung
SVCO
duro-pleural fistula
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8
Q

Causes of exudate pleural effusion?

A 
malignant
infectious (most common cause of exudative effusion) 
connective tissue disease
drug induced
pancreatitis
PE
ARDS
chylothorax 
uraemic pleurites
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9
Q

Causes of congenital bronchiectasis?

A

cystic fibrosis
primary ciliary dyskinesia
congenital hypogammaglobulinaemia
yellow nail syndrome

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10
Q

Causes of acquired bronchiectasis?

A 
childhood infections
localised disease
ABPA
RA
sjogren's
COPD
recurrent aspiration
ILD
idiopathic
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11
Q

Severity of COPD based on FEV1?

A

FEV1 > 80% - mild
FEV1 50-80% - moderate
FEV1 < 50% severe
FEV1 < 30% very severe

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12
Q

Three top causes of bronchiectasis?

A

postinfective
COPD
cystic fibrosis

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13
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

abnormal and permanently dilated airways with bronchial wall thickening

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14
Q

What is the differential diagnosis of bilateral lower zone crackles?

A

bronchiectasis
lung fibrosis
pulmonary oedema
bilateral pneumonia

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15
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

right sided cardiac dysfunction secondary to pulmonary hypertension from respiratory cause

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16
Q

What bronchodilators should be used for COPD?

A

first line LABA or LAMA
if exacerbations add LABA/LAMA (on PBS need to have failed monotherapy for combination therapy)
then add ICS - IMPACT study showed reduces exacerbations - add earlier if history of asthma or eosinophilia

17
Q

What tests are used to diagnose cystic fibrosis?

A

heel prick test
sweat test
genetic testing

18
Q

What are the extrapulmonary manifestations of CF?

A 
diabetes
pancreatic insufficiency
CF related liver disease - gallstones, cirrhosis, portal hypertension
osteoporosis 
malnutrition
infertility 
sinusitis
19
Q

What is the prevalence and carrier incidence of CF?

A

1:2500, 1:25

20
Q

What organisms are commonly found in the sputum of patients with CF?

A 
haemophillus influenzae
staph aureus
moraxella
strep pneumoniae
aspergillus fumigatus
burkholderia cepacia (poor prognosis)
pseudomonas aeuriginosa (poor prognosis)
mycobacterium abscessus (poor prognosis)
21
Q

What are the respiratory complications of CF?

A 
infective exacerbations
pneumothorax
haemoptysis
aspergillus
repiratory failure
22
Q

What paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with small cell lung cancer?

A

cushing’s syndrome
SIADH
lambert-eaton syndrome

23
Q

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of SVC obstruction?

A 
oedema of face, neck, upper body
prominent neck and chest wall vessels
facial plethora
stridor
headache
dizziness
24
Q

What are the side effects of TB treatment?

A 
drug induced hepatitis
optic neuritis (ethambutol)
peripheral neuropathy (isoniazid)
25
Q

Which drugs may cause pleural effusion?

A 
amiodarone
phenytoin
methotrexate
nitrofurantoin 
beta blockers
26
Q

How do you differentiate between a lobectomy and pneumonectomy?

A

pneumonectomy:
- trachea deviates towards the side of surgery
- decreased breath sounds over the whole lung field
- reduced chest expansion
lobectomy
- trachea deviates away from side of surgery
- reduced breath sounds only over area of lobectomy

27
Q

What criteria do patients need to be eligible for surgery in lung cancer?

A

FEV1 > 1.5L
TLCO > 50%
no severe pulmonary hypertension
no metastatic disease

28
Q

What is the differential diagnosis of dullness to percussion of the lung?

A 
pleural effusion
pleural thickening
collapse
consolidation
raised hemidiaphragm
lobectomy
29
Q

What are the complications of bronchiectasis?

A 
pneumonia
pneumothorax
empyema
collapse
pulmonary hypertension
amyloidosis
30
Q

What are the most common respiratory pathogens in bronchiectasis?

A 
staph aureus
haemophilus influenzae
strep pneumoniae
pseudomonas aeruginosa
klebsillea pneumoniae
31
Q

What are the indications for lobectomy?

A 
bronchiectasis
malignancy
cystic fibrosis
tuberculosis
lung abscess
32
Q

What are the causes of a cavitating lung lesion?

A 
TB
staph aureus
klebsillea pneumoniae
pseudomonas aeruginosa
aspergilloma

BPT Clinical (10 decks)

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