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BPT Clinical > Neuro Short > Flashcards

Neuro Short Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of sensory predominant neuropathy?

A 
B12
Diabetes
EtOH
Myeloma
Paraneoplastic
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2
Q

Signs of severity in parkinson’s disease?

A 
motor fluctuations
dyskinesia
psychosis
dementia
sleep disturbance
orthostatic hypotension
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3
Q

Causes of motor predominant neuropathy?

A 
AIDP
CIDP
charcot marie tooth
MND
MMN
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4
Q

Causes of unilateral pes cavus?

A

burns
compartment syndrome
polio
spinal trauma

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5
Q

Causes of bilateral pes cavus?

A 
freidrich's ataxia
muscular dystrophy
SMA
cerebral palsy
hereditary spastic paraparesis
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6
Q

What nerves supply biceps reflex?

A

C5-6

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7
Q

What nerves supply brachioradialis reflex?

A

C5-6

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8
Q

What nerves supply triceps reflex?

A

C6-7

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9
Q

What nerves supply knee jerk reflex?

A

L3-4

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10
Q

What nerves supply ankle jerk reflex?

A

S1-2

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11
Q

What nerves supply plantar reflex?

A

L5-S1

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12
Q

Causes of unilateral cerebellar disease?

A 
mass
ischaemia
paraneoplastic
MS
trauma
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13
Q

Cause of bilateral cerebellar disease?

A 
anti epileptic drugs
friedreich's
hypothyroidism
paraneoplastic
MS
trauma
EtOH
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14
Q

Signs of Freidrich’s ataxia?

A 
cerebellar signs
posterior column loss in the limbs
upper motor neuron signs in the limbs
peripheral neuropathy
optic atrophy
pes cavus
cardiomyopathy
diabetes mellitus
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15
Q

Causes of chorea?

A

wilsons
drugs
sydenhams (rheumatic fever)
huntingtons

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16
Q

Differential diagnosis for MS?

A 
paraneoplastic syndrome
vitamin B12 deficiency
CNS vasculitis
SLE
sarcoidosis
HIV 
syphilis 
migraine
somatoform disorders
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17
Q

Causes of Horner’s syndrome?

A 
lung apex carcinoma
thyroid malignancy
carotid artery aneurysm
brain stem lesion
retro orbital lesions
syringomyelia
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18
Q

Causes of pupil constriction?

A

horner’s syndrome
argyll robertson pupil
pontine lesion
narcotics

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19
Q

Causes of pupil dilatation?

A 
third nerve lesion
adie's pupil
iritis
post trauma
cerebral death 
congenital
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20
Q

Causes of papilloedema?

A 
space occupying lesion
hydrocephalus 
IIH
hypertension
central retinal vein thrombosis
cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
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21
Q

Causes of ptosis with normal pupils?

A

myotonic dystrophy
facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
thyrotoxic myopathy
myasthenia gravis

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22
Q

Causes of ptosis with constricted pupils?

A

horner’s syndrome

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23
Q

Causes of ptosis with dilated pupils?

A

third nerve lesion

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24
Q

Clinical features of third nerve palsy?

A

ptosis
down and out eye
unreactive dilated pupil

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25
Q

Causes of third nerve palsy?

A 
tumour
demyelination
trauma
brain stem infarction
diabetes
aneurysm
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26
Q

Causes of unilateral lower motor neuron seventh nerve palsy?

A 
tumour
MS
acoustic neuroma
meningioma
bell's palsy
ramsay hunt
otitis media
fracture of temporal bone
parotid tumour/sarcoid
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27
Q

Causes of bilateral lower motor neurone facial weakness?

A

GBS
sarcoidosis of parotid
mononeuritis multiplex

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28
Q

Causes of sensorineural deafness?

A 
degenerative
high noise exposure
congenital rubella
congenital syphilis
acoustic neuroma
vascular disease of internal auditory artery
brain stem lesion
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29
Q

Causes of multiple cranial nerve palsies?

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma
chronic meningitis
GBS
vascular brain stem lesions

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30
Q

Site of lesion in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

posterior part of first temporal gyrus in dominant lobe

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31
Q

Site of lesion in Broca’s aphasia?

A

posterior part of third frontal gyrus

32
Q

Signs of a lower motor neurone lesion?

A

weakness
wasting
decreased/absent reflexes
fasciculation

33
Q

Signs of an upper motor neurone lesion?

A

weakness
spasticity
clonus
hyperreflexia

34
Q

Causes of painful peripheral neuropathy?

A 
diabetes mellitus
alcohol
vitamin B12/B1 deficiency
carcinoma
porphyria
35
Q

What are the nerve conduction study findings in a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy?

A

slowed conduction velocity

delayed or absent F waves

36
Q

What are the nerve conduction study findings in an axonal peripheral neuropathy?

A

reduced amplitude

relative normal conduction velocity

37
Q

Causes of mononeuritis multiplex?

A 
diabetes
polyarteritis nodosa
SLE
RA 
sarcoid
acromegaly
38
Q

Causes of thickened nerves?

A

hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
acromegaly
CIDP
amyloidosis

39
Q

Causes of fasciculation?

A 
benign idiopathic fasciculation
motor neuron disease
motor root compression
malignant neuropathy
spinal muscular atrophy
40
Q

What are the clinical features of Charcot-Marie-Tooth?

A

pes cavus (high arch of foot)/clawing of the toes
distal muscle atrophy
symmetrical distal weakness
absent reflexes
thickened nerves
high stepping gait/foot drop
reduced sensation (motor symptoms usually predominant over sensory symptoms)

41
Q

What are the clinical features of C5/C6 upper trunk brachial plexus lesion?

A

hand in waiter’s tip position

sensory loss over lateral aspect of arm/forearm and thumb

42
Q

What are the clinical features of a radial nerve lesion?

A

wrist and finger drop

sensory loss over anatomical snuffbox

43
Q

What are the clinical features of a median nerve lesion?

A

inability to flex index finger
inability to abduct thumb
sensory loss over thumb, index, middle and half of ring finger on palmar aspect

44
Q

Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A 
idiopathic
RA
hypothyroidism
acromegaly
pregnancy
trauma/overuse
45
Q

What are the clinical features of an ulnar nerve lesion?

A

weak finger abduction and adduction
claw hand
sensory loss over the little finger and medial half of the ring finger

46
Q

What are the clinical features of a femoral nerve lesion?

A

weakness of knee extension
loss of knee jerk
sensory loss of inner aspect of thigh

47
Q

What are the clinical features of a sciatic nerve lesion?

A

weakness of knee flexion
foot drop
loss of ankle jerk
sensory loss on posterior thigh and total loss below the knee

48
Q

What are the clinical features of a common peroneal nerve lesion?

A

foot drop

loss of foot eversion

49
Q

What are the causes of foot drop?

A 
common peroneal nerve palsy
sciatic nerve palsy
lumbosacral plexus lesion
L4/5 root lesion
peripheal motor neuropathy
distal myopathy
motor neurone disease
precentral gyrus lesion
50
Q

What causes spinothalamic (pain and temperature) loss only?

A

syringomyelia
brown-sequard syndrome (contralateral leg)
anterior spinal artery thrombosis
lateral medullary syndrome (contralateral to other signs)

51
Q

What causes dorsal column (vibration and proprioception) loss only?

A 
subacute combined degeneration
brown-sequard syndrome (ipsilateral leg)
spinocerebellar degeneration
multiple sclerosis
tabes dorsalis (syphillis)
52
Q

What are the clinical features of syringomyelia?

A

loss of pain and temperature in cape distribution
weakness, atrophy and areflexia of arms
upper motor neurone signs in lower limbs

53
Q

Signs of lateral medullary syndrome?

A 
ipsilateral signs:
- horner's syndrome
- nystagmus
- facial sensory impairment
- ataxia
- diplopia
contralateral signs
- pain and temperature loss in body
54
Q

Signs of myotonic dystrophy?

A 
bilateral ptosis
wasting of facial muscles
frontal baldness
cataracts
grip myotonia (slow release of grip)
percussion myotonia - tap thenar eminence - will display a muscle twitch then slow relaxation
55
Q

Complications of myotonic dystrophy?

A 
dilated cardiomyopathy
cardiac arrhythmias
aspiration
dysphagia
diabetes
thyroid dysfunction
infertility
cataracts
56
Q

Causes of parkinsonism?

A 
parkinson's disease
drugs
parkinson's plus syndrome
stroke in basal ganglia
postencephalitis
wilson's disease
57
Q

What is the pathology underlying parkinson’s disease?

A

degeneration of the substantia nigra neurons in the basal ganglia

58
Q

Investigations for peripheral neuropathy?

A 
FBE
UEC
LFTs
folate
B12
HbA1c
TFT
HIV
myeloma screen
CSF analysis
nerve conduction studies
59
Q

Signs of parkinson’s?

A 
mask like facies
hypophonia
pill rolling tremor
cogwheel rigidity
bradykinesia
freezing
stooped posture
shuffling gait
reduced arm swing
60
Q

How would you differentiate a tremor in parkinsons to an essential tremor?

A

essential tremor usually symmetrical and worse with movement

61
Q

What are the cerebellar signs?

A 
dysdiadochokinesis
dysmetria
impaired heel shin test
nystagmus
ataxia
broad based gait
staccato speech
62
Q

In which cause of foot drop is inversion preserved?

A

common peroneal nerve palsy

63
Q

In which causes of foot drop is the ankle jerk preserved?

A

common peroneal nerve palsy, L4/5 root lesion

64
Q

What does pyramidal weakness look like in the lower limbs?

A

weakness of hip flexion, knee flexion and dorsiflexion

65
Q

What does a cranial nerve VI palsy cause?

A

isolated abduction defecit

66
Q

Differential diagnosis for ophthalmoplegia that doesn’t fit with a specific CN palsy?

A

graves ophthalmopathy

myasthenia gravis

67
Q

Where is the lesion for a superior quandrantonopia?

A

temporal lobe

68
Q

Where is the lesion for an inferior quandrantonopia?

A

parietal lobe

69
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for a bitemporal hemianopia?

A 
pituitary tumour
craniopharyngioma
suprasellar meningioma
glioma
metastasis
70
Q

What are the findings of an ulnar nerve palsy?

A

wasting of the small muscles of the hand sparing the thenar eminence
weakness of finger abduction/adduction
weakness of the flexion of 4th and 5th fingers
reduced sensation over 5th and half of 4th fingers

71
Q

What are the causes of an ulnar nerve palsy?

A

lesions at elbow/wrist - fracture, compression

mononeuritis multiplex

72
Q

What are the findings of a radial nerve palsy?

A

wrist extension weakness
finger extension weakness
forearm supination weakness
sensory loss over anatomical snuffbox

73
Q

What are the findings of a median nerve palsy?

A

wasting of the thenar eminence
weakness of thumb abduction, flexion and opposition
sensory loss over palmar aspect of first 3 and a half digits

74
Q

Differential diagnosis for hemiparesis?

A 
stroke
tumour
demyelination
abscess
post ictal
75
Q

Where is the stroke if predominantly leg weakness is involved?

A

anterior cerebral artery

BPT Clinical (10 decks)

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