Cardiology Short Flashcards
Causes of clubbing
cyanotic congenital heart disease infective endocarditis lung carcinoma chronic pulmonary suppuration (bronchiectasis, abscess, empyema) idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Causes of postural hypotension
H - hypovolaemia, hypopituitarism A - addison's disease N - neuropathy D - drugs I - idiopathic
Causes of elevated JVP
right ventricular failure tricuspid stenosis or regurgitation pericardial effusion/constrictive pericarditis SVC obstruction fluid overload hyperdynamic circulation
Causes of a dominant a wave in JVP
tricuspid stenosis
pulmonary stenosis
pulmonary hypertension
Causes of cannon a waves in JVP
complete heart block
Causes of a dominant v wave in JVP
tricuspid regurgitation
Causes of peripheral oedema
heart failure hypoprotinaemia - cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, malabsorption DVT drug induced lymphoedema lipoedema hypothyroidism
Causes of leg ulcers
venous stasis ulcer ischaemic ulcer malignant ulcer infection neuropathic diabetes pyoderma gangrenosum rheumatoid arthritis lymphoma haemolytic anaemia
Signs of severity of mitral stenosis?
small pulse pressure early opening snap length of the mid diastolic rumbling murmur diastolic thrill at apex presence of pulmonary hypertension
Signs of severity of MR?
small volume pulse signs of LV failure displaced apex beat soft S1 and loud S3 signs of pulmonary hypertension
Signs of severity of aortic regurgitation?
collapsing pulse wide pulse pressure length of decrescendo diastolic murmur S3 soft A2 signs of left ventricular failure Austin flint murmur (diastolic murmur caused by limitation to mitral inflow by the regurgitation jet)
Causes of left ventricular failure?
volume overload
pressure overload
myocardial disease
Causes of volume overload left ventricular failure?
aortic regurgitation
mitral regurgitation
patent ductus arteriosus
Causes of pressure overload left ventricular failure?
systemic hypertension
aortic stenosis
Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?
EtOH haemochromatosis sarcoidosis drugs radiation neuromuscular disease connective tissue disease genetic
Causes of loud S1?
mitral stenosis
tricuspid stenosis
tachycardia
hyperdynamic circulation
Causes of soft S1?
mitral regurgitation
calcified mitral valve
left bundle branch block
first degree heart block
Causes of loud A2?
congenital aortic stenosis
systemic hypertension
Causes of soft A2?
calcified aortic valve
aortic regurgitation
Causes of increased normal splitting of the second heart sound? (wider on inspiration)
RBBB
pulmonary stenosis
VSD
MR
Causes of fixed splitting of the second heart sound?
ASD
Causes of reversed splitting of the second heart sound?
LBBB
aortic stenosis
coarctation of the aorta
PDA
Causes of third heart sound?
left ventricular failure AR MR VSD PDA
Causes of fourth heart sound?
AS
systemic hypertension
HCM
Signs of severity of AS?
small volume slow rising pulse aortic thrill length, harshness and lateness of the peak of the systolic murmur fourth heart sound reversed splitting of the second heart sound left ventricular failure pressure loaded apex beat soft S2
Signs of TR?
large v waves on JVP right ventricular heave pansystolic murmur loudest at the lower edge of the sternum, louder on inspiration pulsatile liver ascites peripheral oedema
Causes of TR?
right ventricular failure
rheumatic
infective endocarditis
ebstein’s anomaly
Causes of MS?
rheumatic heart disease
Examination findings of MS?
mitral facies loud S1, opening snap P2 in pulmonary hypertension diastolic murmur low pitched rumble loudest at apex (best heard with patient in left lateral position with the bell) diastolic thrill at the apex tapping apex beat signs of right heart failure
ECG findings of MS?
p mitrale
AF
right axis deviation