Respiratory Review

Question 1

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.

Question 2

What are the four main processes of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

• Pulmonary ventilation
• External respiration
• Transport of respiratory gases
• Internal respiration

Question 3

What does pulmonary ventilation refer to?

Answer 3

Air is moved in and out of the lungs so the gases are continuously refreshed.

Question 4

What is external respiration?

Answer 4

Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs.

Question 5

Define internal respiration.

Answer 5

Oxygen diffuses from blood to tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to blood.

Question 6

Which process refers to the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between systemic tissues and systemic capillaries?

Answer 6

C. Internal respiration

Question 7

What is the conducting zone?

Answer 7

All structures relating to conduction of the air to the respiratory zone; no gas exchange occurs here.

Question 8

What is the function of the conducting zone?

Answer 8

To cleanse, warm, and humidify the incoming air.

Question 9

What is the respiratory zone?

Answer 9

All structures relating to gas exchange between air and blood.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone?

Answer 10

C. Gas exchange

Question 11

What is the histology of the nasal cavity?

Answer 11

• Olfactory mucosa
• Respiratory mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

Question 12

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

Answer 12

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question 13

What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

Answer 13

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 14

What is the structure of the larynx?

Answer 14

An intricate arrangement of nine cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments.

Question 15

What is the function of the respiratory membrane?

Answer 15

A blood-air barrier where gas exchange occurs by diffusion.

Question 16

What features of the alveoli suit them for gas exchange?

Answer 16

Very thin walls and a very large surface area.

Question 17

What do alveolar type I cells do?

Answer 17

Make up the respiratory membrane.

Question 18

What do alveolar type II cells secrete?

Answer 18

Surfactant.

Question 19

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

Answer 19

C. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid.

Question 20

What maintains the negative intrapleural pressure?

Answer 20

The adhesive force between the parietal and visceral pleurae.

Question 21

Describe the process of ventilation.

Answer 21

Ventilation occurs by changing the volume of the thorax, which creates pressure changes that move air.

Question 22

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

Answer 22

B. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Question 23

What are the three factors that affect ventilation?

Answer 23

• Resistance
• Surface tension
• Compliance

Question 24

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

Answer 24

D. ventilation-perfusion coupling.

Question 25

Which of the following represents the function(s) of pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 25

* Prevents alveolar collapse * Reduces alveolar surface tension * Increases lung compliance * Is secreted by type II alveolar cells

Question 26

How do respiratory gases diffuse across membranes?

Answer 26

Partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 drive the diffusion of these gases.

Question 27

By what two mechanisms is O2 carried in the blood?

Answer 27

* Dissolved in the plasma (1.5%) * Carried by hemoglobin (98.5%)

Question 28

By what three mechanisms is CO2 carried in the blood?

Answer 28

* Dissolved in the plasma (7-10%) * Carried in hemoglobin (20%) * Carried as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) (~70%)

Question 29

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

Answer 29

A. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood.

Question 30

What is the main factor determining how saturated hemoglobin is?

Answer 30

The partial pressure of O2.

Question 31

What factors influence the carrying capacity of O2 in the blood?

Answer 31

* Temperature * pH (H+ concentration) * PCO2 * BPG concentration

Question 32

Describe how the Bohr and Haldane effects alter the affinity of hemoglobin for CO2.

Answer 32

The Bohr Effect decreases Hb's affinity for O2 in high CO2 and H+ environments; the Haldane Effect allows deoxygenated Hb to bind CO2 more easily.

Question 33

How are the unloading of O2 and loading of CO2 in tissues linked?

Answer 33

As O2 is unloaded, reduced hemoglobin binds CO2 more readily.

Question 34

How are the loading of O2 and unloading of CO2 in the alveoli linked?

Answer 34

O2 binding to hemoglobin releases H+, which combines with bicarbonate to form CO2 for exhalation.

Question 35

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

Answer 35

B. decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond.

Question 36

What is the Bohr Effect?

Answer 36

The phenomenon where increased CO2 and decreased pH result in more oxygen being released from hemoglobin ## Footnote It describes how blood pH affects the oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin.

Question 37

What happens to hemoglobin's affinity for CO2 during oxygenation of blood?

Answer 37

Hemoglobin loses its affinity for CO2 ## Footnote This is known as the Haldane Effect.

Question 38

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

Answer 38

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

Question 39

What is bronchitis?

Answer 39

A chronic inflammation of the bronchi; results in inflamed and fibrosed mucosae ## Footnote This condition can lead to chronic cough and mucus production.

Question 40

What is emphysema?

Answer 40

Condition in which the septa between the alveoli are destroyed, decreasing surface area; expiration becomes difficult ## Footnote It is often associated with smoking and results in shortness of breath.

Question 41

What is lung cancer?

Answer 41

Uncontrolled growth of cells in the lungs; most often caused by smoking ## Footnote Early detection is key to improving survival rates.

Question 42

What is asthma?

Answer 42

Chronic inflamed bronchioles which become hypersensitive to irritants ## Footnote It can cause wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

Question 43

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 43

Collapsed lung caused by loss of negative pressure in the lungs – usually caused by air entering the pleural cavity ## Footnote This condition can lead to respiratory distress and requires immediate medical attention.

Question 44

True or False: Increased temperature results in increased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

True or False: The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

True or False: The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

True or False: As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane Bohr effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr Haldane effect).

Answer 47

False

Question 48

True or False: Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more acidic.

Answer 48

True