Ch 18-2 Blood

Question 1

What is blood?

Answer 1

A fluid connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma).

Question 2

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 2

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Platelets

Question 3

What percentage of total blood volume do leukocytes constitute?

Answer 3

Less than 1%

Question 4

What is diapedesis?

Answer 4

The ability of leukocytes to leave the bloodstream and move into surrounding ECM and tissues.

Question 5

What are the two major categories of leukocytes?

Answer 5

• Granulocytes
• Agranulocytes

Question 6

How can you remember the relative abundance of leukocyte types?

Answer 6

N EVER L ET M ONKEYS E AT B ANANAS (Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil)

Question 7

What are the types of granulocytes?

Answer 7

• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

Question 8

What is the average lifespan of neutrophils?

Answer 8

5-6 days

Question 9

What are the primary functions of eosinophils?

Answer 9

• killing parasitic worms
• Associated with inflammation and allergies

Question 10

What role do basophils play in the body?

Answer 10

Roles in inflammation, allergy, and asthma.

Question 11

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

Answer 11

• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes

Question 12

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

Answer 12

Involved in killing diseased self cells (viruses, cancers).

Question 13

What is the role of B lymphocytes?

Answer 13

Make plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobulins).

Question 14

Where do all formed elements of blood arise from?

Answer 14

Hematopoietic stem cells.

Question 15

What stimulates leukopoiesis?

Answer 15

• Interleukins (IL-1 etc.)
• Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

Question 16

What are platelets also known as?

Answer 16

Thrombocytes.

Question 17

What is the lifespan of platelets?

Answer 17

Approximately 10 days.

Question 18

What are the three major steps of hemostasis?

Answer 18

• Vascular Spasm
• Platelet Plug Formation
• Coagulation/Clotting

Question 19

What occurs during vascular spasm?

Answer 19

Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction.

Question 20

What triggers platelet plug formation?

Answer 20

Injury to the vessel lining exposes collagen fibers.

Question 21

What is the role of fibrin in coagulation?

Answer 21

Forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.

Question 22

What is prothrombin activator?

Answer 22

A complex that converts prothrombin to thrombin during coagulation.

Question 23

What two pathways can generate prothrombin activator?

Answer 23

• Intrinsic pathway
• Extrinsic pathway

Question 24

What does thrombin do?

Answer 24

Catalyzes the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.

Question 25

What is clot retraction?

Answer 25

The process by which clots become more compact.

Question 26

What is fibrinolysis?

Answer 26

The removal of clots.

Question 27

What are common anticoagulant drugs?

Answer 27

* Heparin * Aspirin * Coumadin (Warfarin)

Question 28

What is hemophilia?

Answer 28

A disorder resulting from genetic mutations in clotting factors.

Question 29

What are the types of hemophilia?

Answer 29

* Hemophilia A (mutation in factor VIII) * Hemophilia B (lack of factor IX) * Hemophilia C (lack of factor XI)

Question 30

What is leukemia?

Answer 30

A cancer of white blood cells characterized by uncontrolled division of a single cell clone.

Question 31

What is leukopenia?

Answer 31

Decreased WBC cells, increasing the risk of infection.

Question 32

What is a thrombus?

Answer 32

A clot formed in an unbroken blood vessel.

Question 33

What is an embolism?

Answer 33

When an embolus impedes blood flow because it is too large to pass.

Question 34

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 34

A condition characterized by a low platelet count.

Question 35

What can cause impaired liver function in relation to hemostasis?

Answer 35

The liver cannot synthesize needed amounts of procoagulants.

Question 36

What is cerebral embolism?

Answer 36

Emboli in the brain that causes stroke ## Footnote Cerebral embolism occurs when a blood clot or other debris travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel in the brain.

Question 37

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 37

A condition characterized by not enough platelets ## Footnote Thrombocytopenia can arise from bone marrow malignancy, exposure to some drugs and radiation, or a lack of Vitamin K.

Question 38

What symptoms are associated with thrombocytopenia?

Answer 38

Bleeding from widespread blood vessels, normal movement causes hemorrhaging, small purple skin spots called petechiae ## Footnote Petechiae are tiny, flat purple or red spots that appear on the skin due to bleeding under the skin.

Question 39

What causes impaired liver function related to hemostasis?

Answer 39

Liver can't synthesize needed amounts of procoagulants ## Footnote Impaired liver function can be due to cirrhosis, hepatitis, or Vitamin K deficiency.

Question 40

What is a common cause of Vitamin K deficiency in newborns?

Answer 40

Use of antibiotics ## Footnote Antibiotics can disrupt the gut flora that produce Vitamin K, leading to deficiency.

Question 41

What are hemostasis disorders?

Answer 41

Conditions that affect the body's ability to stop bleeding or form blood clots ## Footnote Hemostasis disorders can include issues like thrombocytopenia and impaired liver function.