Ch. 18 Review Flashcards
What is the composition of blood?
Blood is a liquid connective tissue comprised of formed elements suspended in liquid (plasma), with fibers (fibrin) that become insoluble (visible) during clotting.
Formed elements include cells and cell fragments.
What are the three layers that form when blood is spun down in a centrifuge?
- Plasma
- Hematocrit (RBCs)
- Buffy coat (WBCs and platelets)
List the three functions of blood.
- Distribution
- Regulation (Maintenance of body homeostasis)
- Protection
What is function of blood related to distribution?
Transporting O2 from lungs to other body tissues
Transporting waste CO2 (20%) from tissues back to the lungs
Distributing basic biological macromolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins) nutrients, and hormones
What is one function of blood related to regulation?
Maintain body temperature (absorb and spread heat)
Maintain tissue pH (his body’s alkaline sink for carbonate)
Maintain body fluid volume and circulatory system
What is one function of blood related to protection?
Prevent blood loss (clotting)
Prevent infection and disease (antibodies, leukocytes)
What is the function of water in plasma?
Solvent for carrying solutes in blood
What role do electrolytes play in plasma?
Help maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH
What is the function of albumin in plasma?
Carrier molecule for many insoluble substances found in blood; helps maintain osmotic pressure
What substances are transported by blood nutrients?
Substances absorbed from the digestive tract: transported to all areas of the body for energy needs
What are the respiratory gases carried in blood?
O2 and CO2 -O2 is picked in the lungs and transported to all cells of the body for use in cellular respiration
CO2 is a waste gas picked up at body cells and transported to the lungs for exhalation
What function do hormones play in plasma.
Steroid and thyroid hormones are carried by proteins in the plasma- hormones modulate the behavior of other cells
Which formed elements are found in blood?
- White blood cells
- Red blood cells
- Platelets
Which type of blood cell makes up 98% of all formed elements?
RBCs
Which blood component contains hemoglobin?
RBCs
Which blood component have a nucleus
WBC’s
Which blood component are cell fragments
platelets
Which blood component have no nuclei
RBC’s Platelets
Which blood component contain hemoglobin?
RBC’s
Which blood component are involved in the immune response
WBC’s
Which blood component are involved in hemostasis
Platelets
Which blood component(s) arise from a hematopoietic stem cell
WBC’s, RBC’s, platelets
Which blood component arise from myeloid stem cell line?
WBC’s, RBC’s Platelets
Which blood component arise from megakaryocytes
platelets
Which blood component are released into the bloodstream as reticulocytes
platelets
True or False: WBCs are complete cells.
True
Which statement about erythrocytes (RBCs) is NOT true.
The hematocrit is the percent of blood volume that is comprised of red blood cells
RBC’s arise from the lymphoid stem cell line
Erythropoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow
The bio concave shape of RBC’s contribute to the gas exchange capacity
RBC’s do not have a nucleus and are amitotic(they don’t divide)
All are true statement
RBCs arise from the lymphoid stem cell line
True or False: RBCs have a nucleus.
False
True or False: Hematopoiesis occurs in the epiphyses of long bones.
True
True or False: Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin and heme is the red pigment
True
True or False: Each hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen
True
What is the normal PH of blood?
7.4
What stimulates erythropoiesis?
Hypoxia of EPO-producing cells in the kidney
Blood reticulocyte counts provide information regarding _______.
rate of erythrocyte formation
Which characteristic does NOT contribute to erythrocyte oxygen transport functions?
Biconcave shape
Hemoglobin containing sack
Produces energy anaerobically
Mitotically active
mitotically active –> RBC’s are amitotic that is they do not divide
Briefly describe the process of hematopoiesis.
All cells are derived from a common hematopoietic cell. The hematopoietic cell has two lineages –> myeloid and lymphoid cell line
Myeloid cell line give the RBC’s, platelets (via megakaryocytes, monocytes (macrophages), neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Lymphoid cell line gives rise to lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
What are the two major types of leukocytes (WBCs)?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Mostly spherical in shape
have lobed nuclei connected by strands
Have membrane bound cytoplasmic granules that stain noticeably
All are phagocytic to some degree
Agraulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
no visible granules
Nuclei are spherical or kidney shaped
play major role in the immune system
Put the white blood cell types in order from most abundant to least abundant.
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Most common WBC found in whole blood
Neutrophil
Mounts an immune response be direct cell attack or via antibodies
Lymphcyte
Kills parasitic worms
Eosinophil
Becomes a macrophage
Monocyte
1st to arrive during an immune response (inflammation)
Neutrophil
Rarest WBC type
Basophil
release chemicals such as histamine which stimulates the immune response
Basophils
What is the process by which WBCs leave the bloodstream called?
Diapedesis
Which statement about leucopoiesis is NOT true?
is stimulated by chemical messengers released by both the bone marrow and mature WBC
WBC’s arise from the same hematopoietic stem cells as RBC ‘s
The myeloid cell line gives rise to granulocytes
The lymphoid cell line gives rise to lymphocytes and monocytes
All statements are true
The lymphoid cell line gives rise to lymphocytes and monocytes.
(Monocytes arise from the myeloid cell line)
Which statement about platelets is NOT true?
Platelets are fragments of larger cells called megakaryocytes
Megakaryocytes are derived from the Myeloid stem cell line
Granules found within platelets contained chemicals, essential to the clotting process
Platelet binding to damage endothelium is the first step in homeostasis
Platelets are normally kept mobile in the bloodstream by factors released from the endothelium
Platelet binding to damaged endothelium is the first step in hemostasis.
(They bind to collagen fibers)
What is the correct sequence for the events of hemostasis?
- Formation of prothrombin activator
- Prothrombin → thrombin
- Fibrinogen → fibrin
- Clot retraction
- Fibrinolysis
True or False: Coagulation involves the activation of a cascade of 13 clotting factors.
True
True or False: Many of the clotting factors are manufactured in the liver.
True
True or False: Formation of the prothrombin activator can occur in intrinsic or extrinsic pathway, though the pathways converge at the activation of Factor X
True
True or False: Platelets adhere to collagen fibers underlying the damaged blood vessel’s endothelium
True
True or False? When bound and activated, platelets release aggregating agents such as serotonin and thromboxane
True
True or False: Repair of the damages blood vessel is stimulates by the activated platelets themselves
True
