Final Exam 2

Question 1

What refers to the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between systemic tissues and systemic capillaries?

Answer 1

Internal respiration

Question 2

Label the following structures of the respiratory system: A. Nasal cavity, B. Nasal conchae, C. Nasopharynx, D. Oropharynx, E. Laryngopharynx, F. Larynx, G. Epiglottis, H. Trachea, I. Primary bronchi, J. Secondary & tertiary bronchi, K. Bronchioles, L. Terminal bronchioles, M. Respiratory bronchioles, N. Alveolar ducts, O. Alveolar sacs, P. Alveoli.

Answer 2

Respiratory system structures

Question 3

What are the two types of mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity?

Answer 3

• Olfactory mucosa
• Respiratory mucosa

Question 4

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

Answer 4

Pseudo stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

Question 5

What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

Answer 5

Stratified squamous epithelia

Question 6

What is the structure of the larynx?

Answer 6

An intricate arrangement of nine cartilages, mostly hyaline, with a stratified squamous epithelium above and pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium below

Question 7

What are the three layers of the tracheal walls?

Answer 7

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Adventitia

Question 8

What is the function of the respiratory membrane?

Answer 8

Exchange of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries

Question 9

The alveoli are well suited to gas exchange because of:

Answer 9

• Their combined surface is huge
• Their walls are thin
• The presence of surfactant

Question 10

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by _______.

Answer 10

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Question 11

Describe the process of ventilation (breathing).

Answer 11

Ventilation occurs by changing the volume of the thorax, which alters lung volume and pressure, causing air to move in or out.

Question 12

Air moves into the lungs (inhalation) when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

Answer 12

less than the pressure in the atmosphere

Question 13

Contraction of the diaphragm causes thoracic volume to:

Answer 13

Increase

Question 14

How do respiratory gases diffuse across membranes?

Answer 14

Partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 drive diffusion across the respiratory membrane.

Question 15

By what two mechanisms is O2 carried in the blood?

Answer 15

• Dissolved in the plasma (1.5%)
• Carried by hemoglobin (98.5%)

Question 16

By what three mechanisms is CO2 carried in the blood?

Answer 16

• Dissolved in the plasma (7-10%)
• Carried in hemoglobin (20%)
• Carried as Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) (~70%)

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true about how oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried in the blood?

Answer 17

F. All are true statements

Question 18

What is the biggest determinant in dictating how respiratory gases move across membranes?

Answer 18

Partial pressure of the respiratory gases

Question 19

Label the following layers of the alimentary canal: A. Mucosa, B. Submucosa, C. Muscularis externa, D. Serosa.

Answer 19

Layers of the alimentary canal

Question 20

Name the mucosal epithelial tissue type associated with the mouth.

Answer 20

Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized in some places

Question 21

Identify the following structures of the stomach: A. cardiac region, B. Fundus, C. Body, D. Pylorus, E. Pyloric sphincter/valve, F. Rugae.

Answer 21

Stomach structures

Question 22

What are the modifications seen in the muscularis externa of the stomach?

Answer 22

It has an oblique muscle layer in addition to circular and longitudinal muscle layers.

Question 23

What hormone controls the secretion of other stomach secretions?

Answer 23

Gastrin

Question 24

Identify the following regions of the small intestine: A. Duodenum, B. Jejunum, C. Ileum.

Answer 24

Regions of the small intestine

Question 25

Describe the three major modifications of the small intestinal wall.

Answer 25

* Circular folds * Villi * Microvilli (brush border)

Question 26

What is the role of the simple columnar absorptive cells found in the epithelial villus mucosa of the small intestine?

Answer 26

To absorb nutrients and electrolytes from digested food.

Question 27

What is the main digestive role of the liver?

Answer 27

To produce bile

Question 28

What is the function of bile?

Answer 28

To help emulsify fats for easier digestion

Question 29

What is the major function of pancreatic juice?

Answer 29

Contains enzymes that breakdown all categories of food

Question 30

Describe the gastroileum reflex.

Answer 30

Caused by stomach activity and gastrin release, increasing ileum segmentation to push food residues into the large intestine.

Question 31

What is the role of the mucosa in the large intestine?

Answer 31

To secrete mucus that helps the passage of food residues and protects the large intestine wall.

Question 32

True or False: Most nutrients are absorbed through the simple columnar absorptive cells of the stomach.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

True or False: Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is primarily responsible for the stimulation of other stomach secretions.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or False: Food enters the stomach via the pylorus and exits via the fundus.

Answer 34

False

Question 35

True or False: The major function of bile is to break down fats to aid in their solubilization and absorption.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

True or False: The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What is the major function of bile?

Answer 37

To break down fats to aid in their solubilization and absorption.

Question 38

True or False: All chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Which of the following statements about the stomach is false?

Answer 39

B. The mucosa of the stomach is primarily simple stratified epithelial cells joined by tight junctions.

Question 40

What modifications enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine mucosa?

Answer 40

Numerous mucus secreting goblet cells, circular folds, villi, and microvilli.

Question 41

List the functions of the kidneys.

Answer 41

* Regulating the total volume of water in the body * Regulating the ion concentration of the extracellular fluids * Ensuring long-term acid-base balance * Excreting metabolic wastes and foreign substances * Producing erythropoietin and renin

Question 42

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: A.

Answer 42

Cortex

Question 43

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: B.

Answer 43

Medulla

Question 44

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: C.

Answer 44

Pyramids

Question 45

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: D.

Answer 45

Columns

Question 46

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: E.

Answer 46

Pelvis

Question 47

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: F.

Answer 47

Calyces (Calyx)

Question 48

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: A.

Answer 48

Glomerulus (incl. glomerular capsule, afferent & efferent arterioles)

Question 49

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: B.

Answer 49

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 50

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: C.

Answer 50

Nephron loop

Question 51

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: D.

Answer 51

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 52

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: E.

Answer 52

Collecting duct

Question 53

Where are the peritubular capillaries or Vasa Recta found?

Answer 53

Surrounding the renal tubules

Question 54

Describe the juxtaglomerular complex.

Answer 54

The region where the most distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop lies against the afferent arteriole.

Question 55

What are macula densa cells?

Answer 55

Chemoreceptors that monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate.

Question 56

What are granular cells?

Answer 56

Enlarged smooth muscle cells that sense blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.

Question 57

What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?

Answer 57

Cells that may pass regulatory signals between macula densa and granular cells.

Question 58

What are the components of the filtration membrane?

Answer 58

* Fenestrated glomerular capillaries * Podocytes of the glomerular capsule * Fused basement membrane

Question 59

List the three steps of urine formation.

Answer 59

* Glomerular filtration * Tubular reabsorption * Tubular secretion

Question 60

Describe the process of glomerular filtration.

Answer 60

A passive process where hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through the filtration membrane.

Question 61

What substances get through during glomerular filtration?

Answer 61

Small molecules; proteins and blood cells remain in the capillaries.

Question 62

What is the primary site for tubular reabsorption?

Answer 62

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 63

What substances are generally reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption?

Answer 63

* All organic molecules (glucose, amino acids, vitamins) * Water (65%) * Sodium (65%) * Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+)

Question 64

Describe tubular secretion.

Answer 64

Movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate.

Question 65

What substances are generally secreted during tubular secretion?

Answer 65

* H+ * K+ * NH4+ * Creatinine * HCO3 * Certain organic acids and bases

Question 66

How do the kidneys help maintain body fluid osmolality?

Answer 66

By altering the concentration of the urine produced.

Question 67

What role does ADH play in urine concentration?

Answer 67

Increases the amount of water reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Answer 68

D. Eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat.

Question 69

Identify the function of the ureters.

Answer 69

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Question 70

Identify the function of the bladder.

Answer 70

Stores urine until it is expelled from the body.

Question 71

Identify the function of the urethra.

Answer 71

Conducts urine out of the body.

Question 72

Identify the function of the trigone.

Answer 72

Smooth triangular area in the bladder where ureters enter and urethra exits.

Question 73

Identify the function of the detrusor muscle.

Answer 73

Muscle that contracts to expel urine from the bladder.

Question 74

Identify the function of the internal urethral sphincter.

Answer 74

Controls the release of urine from the bladder.

Question 75

Identify the function of the external urethral sphincter.

Answer 75

Controls voluntary release of urine.

Question 76

True or False: The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

Answer 76

False

Question 77

True or False: Glomerular filtration is a passive process.

Answer 77

True

Question 78

True or False: In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

True or False: The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

Answer 79

True

Question 80

True or False: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is the most important regulator of urine concentration and volume.

Answer 80

True

Question 81

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

Answer 81

C. is drained by an efferent arteriole.

Question 82

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex?

Answer 82

D. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

Question 83

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

Answer 83

C. renal fascia

Question 84

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

Answer 84

D. changes in solute content of the filtrate.

Question 85

The fluid in the glomerular capsule (filtrate) is similar to plasma except that it does not contain ________.

Answer 85

D. plasma proteins

Question 86

Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration and the filtration membrane is false?

Answer 86

C. Molecules such as water, glucose and proteins pass easily through the filtration membrane.

Question 87

Question 88

Question 89

Question 90

Question 91

Question 92

Question 93

Question 94

Question 95