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A&P II > Final Exam 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What refers to the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between systemic tissues and systemic capillaries?

A

Internal respiration

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2
Q

Label the following structures of the respiratory system: A. Nasal cavity, B. Nasal conchae, C. Nasopharynx, D. Oropharynx, E. Laryngopharynx, F. Larynx, G. Epiglottis, H. Trachea, I. Primary bronchi, J. Secondary & tertiary bronchi, K. Bronchioles, L. Terminal bronchioles, M. Respiratory bronchioles, N. Alveolar ducts, O. Alveolar sacs, P. Alveoli.

A

Respiratory system structures

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3
Q

What are the two types of mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity?

A
  • Olfactory mucosa
  • Respiratory mucosa
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4
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

A

Pseudo stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

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6
Q

What is the structure of the larynx?

A

An intricate arrangement of nine cartilages, mostly hyaline, with a stratified squamous epithelium above and pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium below

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the tracheal walls?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Adventitia
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8
Q

What is the function of the respiratory membrane?

A

Exchange of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries

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9
Q

The alveoli are well suited to gas exchange because of:

A
  • Their combined surface is huge
  • Their walls are thin
  • The presence of surfactant
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10
Q

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by _______.

A

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

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11
Q

Describe the process of ventilation (breathing).

A

Ventilation occurs by changing the volume of the thorax, which alters lung volume and pressure, causing air to move in or out.

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12
Q

Air moves into the lungs (inhalation) when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

A

less than the pressure in the atmosphere

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13
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm causes thoracic volume to:

A

Increase

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14
Q

How do respiratory gases diffuse across membranes?

A

Partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 drive diffusion across the respiratory membrane.

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15
Q

By what two mechanisms is O2 carried in the blood?

A
  • Dissolved in the plasma (1.5%)
  • Carried by hemoglobin (98.5%)
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16
Q

By what three mechanisms is CO2 carried in the blood?

A
  • Dissolved in the plasma (7-10%)
  • Carried in hemoglobin (20%)
  • Carried as Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) (~70%)
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17
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about how oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried in the blood?

A

F. All are true statements

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18
Q

What is the biggest determinant in dictating how respiratory gases move across membranes?

A

Partial pressure of the respiratory gases

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19
Q

Label the following layers of the alimentary canal: A. Mucosa, B. Submucosa, C. Muscularis externa, D. Serosa.

A

Layers of the alimentary canal

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20
Q

Name the mucosal epithelial tissue type associated with the mouth.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized in some places

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21
Q

Identify the following structures of the stomach: A. cardiac region, B. Fundus, C. Body, D. Pylorus, E. Pyloric sphincter/valve, F. Rugae.

A

Stomach structures

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22
Q

What are the modifications seen in the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

It has an oblique muscle layer in addition to circular and longitudinal muscle layers.

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23
Q

What hormone controls the secretion of other stomach secretions?

A

Gastrin

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24
Q

Identify the following regions of the small intestine: A. Duodenum, B. Jejunum, C. Ileum.

A

Regions of the small intestine

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25
Q

Describe the three major modifications of the small intestinal wall.

A
  • Circular folds
  • Villi
  • Microvilli (brush border)
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26
Q

What is the role of the simple columnar absorptive cells found in the epithelial villus mucosa of the small intestine?

A

To absorb nutrients and electrolytes from digested food.

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27
Q

What is the main digestive role of the liver?

A

To produce bile

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28
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

To help emulsify fats for easier digestion

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29
Q

What is the major function of pancreatic juice?

A

Contains enzymes that breakdown all categories of food

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30
Q

Describe the gastroileum reflex.

A

Caused by stomach activity and gastrin release, increasing ileum segmentation to push food residues into the large intestine.

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31
Q

What is the role of the mucosa in the large intestine?

A

To secrete mucus that helps the passage of food residues and protects the large intestine wall.

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32
Q

True or False: Most nutrients are absorbed through the simple columnar absorptive cells of the stomach.

A

False

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33
Q

True or False: Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is primarily responsible for the stimulation of other stomach secretions.

A

True

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34
Q

True or False: Food enters the stomach via the pylorus and exits via the fundus.

A

False

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35
Q

True or False: The major function of bile is to break down fats to aid in their solubilization and absorption.

A

True

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36
Q

True or False: The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral.

A

True

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37
Q

What is the major function of bile?

A

To break down fats to aid in their solubilization and absorption.

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38
Q

True or False: All chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells.

A

True

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39
Q

Which of the following statements about the stomach is false?

A

B. The mucosa of the stomach is primarily simple stratified epithelial cells joined by tight junctions.

40
Q

What modifications enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine mucosa?

A

Numerous mucus secreting goblet cells, circular folds, villi, and microvilli.

41
Q

List the functions of the kidneys.

A
  • Regulating the total volume of water in the body
  • Regulating the ion concentration of the extracellular fluids
  • Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
  • Excreting metabolic wastes and foreign substances
  • Producing erythropoietin and renin
42
Q

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: A.

43
Q

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: B.

44
Q

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: C.

45
Q

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: D.

46
Q

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: E.

47
Q

Identify the following structures of the kidneys: F.

A

Calyces (Calyx)

48
Q

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: A.

A

Glomerulus (incl. glomerular capsule, afferent & efferent arterioles)

49
Q

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: B.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

50
Q

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: C.

A

Nephron loop

51
Q

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: D.

A

Distal convoluted tubule

52
Q

Identify and describe the structures of a nephron: E.

A

Collecting duct

53
Q

Where are the peritubular capillaries or Vasa Recta found?

A

Surrounding the renal tubules

54
Q

Describe the juxtaglomerular complex.

A

The region where the most distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop lies against the afferent arteriole.

55
Q

What are macula densa cells?

A

Chemoreceptors that monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate.

56
Q

What are granular cells?

A

Enlarged smooth muscle cells that sense blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.

57
Q

What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Cells that may pass regulatory signals between macula densa and granular cells.

58
Q

What are the components of the filtration membrane?

A
  • Fenestrated glomerular capillaries
  • Podocytes of the glomerular capsule
  • Fused basement membrane
59
Q

List the three steps of urine formation.

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
60
Q

Describe the process of glomerular filtration.

A

A passive process where hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through the filtration membrane.

61
Q

What substances get through during glomerular filtration?

A

Small molecules; proteins and blood cells remain in the capillaries.

62
Q

What is the primary site for tubular reabsorption?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

63
Q

What substances are generally reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption?

A
  • All organic molecules (glucose, amino acids, vitamins)
  • Water (65%)
  • Sodium (65%)
  • Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+)
64
Q

Describe tubular secretion.

A

Movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate.

65
Q

What substances are generally secreted during tubular secretion?

A
  • H+
  • K+
  • NH4+
  • Creatinine
  • HCO3
  • Certain organic acids and bases
66
Q

How do the kidneys help maintain body fluid osmolality?

A

By altering the concentration of the urine produced.

67
Q

What role does ADH play in urine concentration?

A

Increases the amount of water reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts.

68
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

A

D. Eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat.

69
Q

Identify the function of the ureters.

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

70
Q

Identify the function of the bladder.

A

Stores urine until it is expelled from the body.

71
Q

Identify the function of the urethra.

A

Conducts urine out of the body.

72
Q

Identify the function of the trigone.

A

Smooth triangular area in the bladder where ureters enter and urethra exits.

73
Q

Identify the function of the detrusor muscle.

A

Muscle that contracts to expel urine from the bladder.

74
Q

Identify the function of the internal urethral sphincter.

A

Controls the release of urine from the bladder.

75
Q

Identify the function of the external urethral sphincter.

A

Controls voluntary release of urine.

76
Q

True or False: The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

77
Q

True or False: Glomerular filtration is a passive process.

78
Q

True or False: In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

79
Q

True or False: The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

80
Q

True or False: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is the most important regulator of urine concentration and volume.

81
Q

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

A

C. is drained by an efferent arteriole.

82
Q

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex?

A

D. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

83
Q

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

A

C. renal fascia

84
Q

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

A

D. changes in solute content of the filtrate.

85
Q

The fluid in the glomerular capsule (filtrate) is similar to plasma except that it does not contain ________.

A

D. plasma proteins

86
Q

Which of the following statements about glomerular filtration and the filtration membrane is false?

A

C. Molecules such as water, glucose and proteins pass easily through the filtration membrane.

A&P II (25 decks)

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