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A&P II > Respiratory Red Stuff > Flashcards

Respiratory Red Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four functions of the respiratory system

A

ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration

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2
Q

where does gas exchange during external respiration occur?

A

alveoli

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3
Q

the movement of air into and out of lungs

A

ventilation

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4
Q

gas exchange from air in the lungs and the blood

A

external respiration

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5
Q

gas exchange between the blood and tissues

A

internal

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6
Q

transport of oxygen and CO2 into the blood

A

gas transport

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7
Q

what are the 5 functions of the secondary respiratory system

A

regulation of blood ph
production of chemical mediators
voice production
olfaction
protection

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8
Q

what are the two structural division

A

upper and lower tract

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9
Q

what is included in the upper tract

A

nose, pharynx and associated structures

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10
Q

what is included in the lower tract

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and tubing within lungs

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11
Q

within the nasal cavity, this forms the bony ridges with meatuses between

A

concha

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12
Q

what are the 5 nasal cavity functions

A

passageway for air
cleans the air (filter)
humidifies and warms
smell
resonating chambers for speech

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13
Q

name the three regions that make up the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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14
Q

what tissue forms nasopharynx

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium WITH goblet cells

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15
Q

what tissue forms the oropharynx

A

moist stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

what tissue forms the laryngopharynx

A

moist stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

cartilage is important to what structure

A

larynx

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18
Q

these are made of unpaired cartilages

A

thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis

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19
Q

these are made of paired cartilages

A

arytenoids
corniculate
cuneiform

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20
Q

these are ligaments that extend from arytenoids to thyroid cartilage

A
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21
Q

main function of the larynx controlled by vocal folds

A

sound production

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22
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium does what in larynx

A

traps debris

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23
Q

smooth muscle that is used for coughing in Trachea

A

trachealis

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24
Q

where does the trachea divide into the two primary bronchi

A

carina

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25
Q

primary bronchi divide into what

A

secondary/lobar bronchi

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26
Q

lobar bronchi divide into what

A

tertiary/segmental bronchi

27
Q

segmental bronchi divide into what

A

bronchioles

28
Q

bronchioles divide into what

A

terminal bronchioles

29
Q

as the bronchi get smaller, _______ decreases and ______ increases

A

cartilage, smooth muscle

30
Q

what are the three types of cells in the respiratory surface

A

dust, type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes

31
Q

type I pneuomocytes from most of what

A

alveolar surface

32
Q

type II pneumocytes produce what

A

surfactant

33
Q

surfactant does what

A

allow for alveolar expansion during inspiration

34
Q

what are the 6 layers of the respiratory memebrane

A
35
Q

what two layers of the respiratory membrane are made of simple squamous epithelium

A
36
Q

why is simple squamous important

A

maximize diffusion

37
Q

what part of the lung sits on the diaphragm

A

base

38
Q

this is on the medial surface of the lung where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lung

A

Hilum

39
Q

which lung has 3 lobes opposed to 2

A

right lung

40
Q

what plays the largest role in movement during inspiration

A

diaphragm

41
Q

what aid in expiration

A

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

42
Q

passive expiration is called what

A

quiet expiration

43
Q

as the diaphragm moves down (contracts), the volume of the lungs increases so air moves_____

A

in

44
Q

as the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the lungs decreases so air moves___

A

out

45
Q

this is the pressure within the pleural cavity

A

pleural pressure

46
Q

is pleural pressure usually greater or less than alveoli

A

less

47
Q

alveoli are partially ___ even at rest

A

expanded

48
Q

the opening between pleural cavity and air that causes a loss of pleural pressure resulting in alveoli collapse

A

pneumothorax

49
Q

the measure of ease with which lungs and thorax expand is called what

A

compliance

50
Q

diffusion of gasses through respiratory membrane depends on these 4 factors

A
51
Q

these:
pulmonary fibrosis
collapse of alveoli(pulmonary edema)
incr. resistance to airflow caused by airway obstruct
kyphosis and scoliosis
do what to compliance?

A

decrease compliance

52
Q

At rest, how much oxygen is released

A

25%

53
Q

At rest, how much oxygen is released

A

25%

54
Q

During exercise, how much oxygen is released

A

73%

55
Q

When the CO2 increases and the pH increases, does oxygen release increase or decrease

A

Increase

56
Q

Increased temp (therefore increased metabolism), does oxygen release into the tissue increase or decrease

A

Increase

57
Q

The effect when hemoglobin that has released oxygen binds more readily to CO2 than hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it

A

Haldane effect

58
Q

The effect when hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin to promote the release of oxygen from the hemoglobin

A

Bohr effect

59
Q

This effect happens when low pH causes greater oxygen release from hemoglobin

A

Bohr effect

60
Q

At tissue level, hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin and promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin

A

Bohr effect

61
Q

In tissue capillaries, hemoglobin that has released oxygen readily combines with carbon dioxide

A

Haldane effect

62
Q

The inverse of the Bohr effect: hydrogen ions are released from hemoglobin and promotes uptake of oxygen by hemoglobin. This happens where

A

Pulmonary capillaries

63
Q

The inverse of the Haldane effect: When hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen readily releases carbon dioxide. This happens where

A

Pulmonary capillaries

A&P II (7 decks)

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