Respiratory Red Stuff Flashcards
what are the four functions of the respiratory system
ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration
where does gas exchange during external respiration occur?
alveoli
the movement of air into and out of lungs
ventilation
gas exchange from air in the lungs and the blood
external respiration
gas exchange between the blood and tissues
internal
transport of oxygen and CO2 into the blood
gas transport
what are the 5 functions of the secondary respiratory system
regulation of blood ph
production of chemical mediators
voice production
olfaction
protection
what are the two structural division
upper and lower tract
what is included in the upper tract
nose, pharynx and associated structures
what is included in the lower tract
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and tubing within lungs
within the nasal cavity, this forms the bony ridges with meatuses between
concha
what are the 5 nasal cavity functions
passageway for air
cleans the air (filter)
humidifies and warms
smell
resonating chambers for speech
name the three regions that make up the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
what tissue forms nasopharynx
pseudostratified columnar epithelium WITH goblet cells
what tissue forms the oropharynx
moist stratified squamous epithelium
what tissue forms the laryngopharynx
moist stratified squamous epithelium
cartilage is important to what structure
larynx
these are made of unpaired cartilages
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis
these are made of paired cartilages
arytenoids
corniculate
cuneiform
these are ligaments that extend from arytenoids to thyroid cartilage
main function of the larynx controlled by vocal folds
sound production
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium does what in larynx
traps debris
smooth muscle that is used for coughing in Trachea
trachealis
where does the trachea divide into the two primary bronchi
carina
primary bronchi divide into what
secondary/lobar bronchi
lobar bronchi divide into what
tertiary/segmental bronchi
segmental bronchi divide into what
bronchioles
bronchioles divide into what
terminal bronchioles
as the bronchi get smaller, _______ decreases and ______ increases
cartilage, smooth muscle
what are the three types of cells in the respiratory surface
dust, type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes
type I pneuomocytes from most of what
alveolar surface
type II pneumocytes produce what
surfactant
surfactant does what
allow for alveolar expansion during inspiration
what are the 6 layers of the respiratory memebrane
what two layers of the respiratory membrane are made of simple squamous epithelium
why is simple squamous important
maximize diffusion
what part of the lung sits on the diaphragm
base
this is on the medial surface of the lung where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lung
Hilum
which lung has 3 lobes opposed to 2
right lung
what plays the largest role in movement during inspiration
diaphragm
what aid in expiration
abdominal muscles and internal intercostals
passive expiration is called what
quiet expiration
as the diaphragm moves down (contracts), the volume of the lungs increases so air moves_____
in
as the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the lungs decreases so air moves___
out
this is the pressure within the pleural cavity
pleural pressure
is pleural pressure usually greater or less than alveoli
less
alveoli are partially ___ even at rest
expanded
the opening between pleural cavity and air that causes a loss of pleural pressure resulting in alveoli collapse
pneumothorax
the measure of ease with which lungs and thorax expand is called what
compliance
diffusion of gasses through respiratory membrane depends on these 4 factors
these:
pulmonary fibrosis
collapse of alveoli(pulmonary edema)
incr. resistance to airflow caused by airway obstruct
kyphosis and scoliosis
do what to compliance?
decrease compliance
At rest, how much oxygen is released
25%
At rest, how much oxygen is released
25%
During exercise, how much oxygen is released
73%
When the CO2 increases and the pH increases, does oxygen release increase or decrease
Increase
Increased temp (therefore increased metabolism), does oxygen release into the tissue increase or decrease
Increase
The effect when hemoglobin that has released oxygen binds more readily to CO2 than hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it
Haldane effect
The effect when hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin to promote the release of oxygen from the hemoglobin
Bohr effect
This effect happens when low pH causes greater oxygen release from hemoglobin
Bohr effect
At tissue level, hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin and promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin
Bohr effect
In tissue capillaries, hemoglobin that has released oxygen readily combines with carbon dioxide
Haldane effect
The inverse of the Bohr effect: hydrogen ions are released from hemoglobin and promotes uptake of oxygen by hemoglobin. This happens where
Pulmonary capillaries
The inverse of the Haldane effect: When hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen readily releases carbon dioxide. This happens where
Pulmonary capillaries
