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A&P II > Digestive System Red Stuff > Flashcards

Digestive System Red Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

the main regions of the digestive tract include

A

oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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2
Q

major accessory organs include

A

salivary glands
tonsils
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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3
Q

8 functions of the digestive system

A

ingestion
mastication (mechanical breakdown prep for enzymatic breakdown)
propulsion
mixing
secretion
digestion
absorption
elimination

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4
Q

mucus, water, bile, and enzymes help what function

A

secretion

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5
Q

what are the two types of digestion

A

mechanical
chemical

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6
Q

4 tunics of the digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventitia

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7
Q

the innermost layer has 3 components

A

mucous epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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8
Q

mucous epithelium is made of _________ in mouth, pharynx, exophagus, and anal canal, and ___________ in the rest

A
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9
Q

lamina propria is made of what tissue

A

loose connective

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10
Q

submucosa contains ____ tissue and what elements

A

thick connective, nerves, blood, vessels, small glands

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11
Q

this stimulates secretion from intestinal glands in epithelieal layer

A

submucosal plexus

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12
Q

muscularis contains what two layers

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

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13
Q

regulates intestinal motility

A

myenteric plexus

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14
Q

rhythmic contractions

A

peristalsis

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15
Q

this provides input from the parasympathetic and influences ENS and local reflexes

A

vagus nerve

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16
Q

two types of nervous regulation

A

local, general

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17
Q

enteric nervous system

A

local nervous

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18
Q

coordinates with CNS

A

general nervous

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19
Q

input from this inhibits muscle contraction and decreases blood flow to the digestive tract

A

sympathetic

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20
Q

production of hormones and histamine are released to help ENS

A

chemical regulation

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21
Q

what are the neurotransmitters within chemical regulation

A

acetylcholine and serotonin
norepinephrine

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22
Q

this neurotransmitter stimulates digestive tract motility

A

acetylcholine and serotonin

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23
Q

this neurotransmitter inhibits digestive tract motility

A

norepinephrine

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24
Q

peritoneum

A
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25
Q

space between lips/cheeks and teeth

A

vestibule

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26
Q

lips and cheeks are important to

A

mastication and speech

27
Q

this attaches tongue to floor

A

lingual frenulum

28
Q

protective acellular non-living outermost layer of crown

A

enamel

29
Q

this secures teeth in the alveoli

A

periodontal ligaments (alveolar bone)

30
Q

what are the three salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

31
Q

the small coiled tubular glands on the surface of the tongue

A

lingual glands

32
Q

main function of saliva

A

protection
lubrication

33
Q

the initial digestion of carbohydrates is due to

A

salivary amylase

34
Q

swallowing occurs in

A

phyrynx

35
Q

what regulates the movement of materials into and out of the esophagus

A

gastroesophageal/lower esophageal sphincter

36
Q

the folds in mucosa and submucosa within the stomach

A

rugae

37
Q

this cell protects the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes

A

mucus cells

38
Q

HCL is produced by what cells

A

Parietal cells

39
Q

maintains the acidic pH (between 1 and 3)

A

HCL

40
Q

before food enters the body, this phase is where everything is “stimulated”, the ‘get ready’ phase

A

cephalic phase (get ready)

41
Q

parasympathetic action potentials are carried from medulla oblongata to the stomach by what

A

vagus nerve

42
Q

the second phase when the food reaches the stomach, the ‘go for it’ phase

A

gastric phase

43
Q

what activates the parasympathetic reflex where action potentials are carried back to the medulla oblongata

A

distension of the stomach

44
Q

last phase when chyme in duodenum inhibits gastric secretion to start the last ‘slow down phase’

A

intestinal phase

45
Q

where does most of the digestion occur

A

small intestine

46
Q

list the divisions of the small intestine in order from 1st to last

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

47
Q

this is the opening to ducts from the liver and pancreas within the duodenum

A

major and minor duodenal papillae

48
Q

circular folds that increase surface area

A

plicae circulares

49
Q

fingerlike projections on mucosa, containing capillaries and lacteals to increase surface area

A

villi

50
Q

these form the brush border to increase surface area

A

microvilli

51
Q

what section of the small intestine house the peyer’s patches

A

jejunum

52
Q

what is the junction that connects small and large intestine

A

iloececal junction

53
Q

the duodenal glands which secrete mucus are stimulated by what

A

vagus nerve

54
Q

this prevents chyme from entering cecum and increases digestion and absorption in small intestine

A

cecal distention which constrics the ileocecal valve

55
Q

This is where bile is produced

A

Liver

56
Q

Sugar is removed from the blood and stored in the liver as ________

A

Glycogen

57
Q

List the 6 main functions of the liver

A

Bile production
Storage
Nutrient interconversion
Detoxification
Phagocytosis
Synthesis of plasma protein

58
Q

Bile storage in the gallbladder is stimulated by

A

Vegan stimulation

59
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic islets

60
Q

What 3 things do the pancreatic islets produce

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

61
Q

What four things does the large intestine consist of

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

62
Q

Large intestine is responsible for absorption of _____ and ____

A

Water and salts

63
Q

Around the colon, the longitudinal muscle that is incomplete is called

A

Teniae coli

64
Q

Symport is driven by what

A

Sodium (Na)

A&P II (7 decks)

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