Digestive System Red Stuff Flashcards
the main regions of the digestive tract include
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
major accessory organs include
salivary glands
tonsils
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
8 functions of the digestive system
ingestion
mastication (mechanical breakdown prep for enzymatic breakdown)
propulsion
mixing
secretion
digestion
absorption
elimination
mucus, water, bile, and enzymes help what function
secretion
what are the two types of digestion
mechanical
chemical
4 tunics of the digestive tract
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventitia
the innermost layer has 3 components
mucous epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
mucous epithelium is made of _________ in mouth, pharynx, exophagus, and anal canal, and ___________ in the rest
lamina propria is made of what tissue
loose connective
submucosa contains ____ tissue and what elements
thick connective, nerves, blood, vessels, small glands
this stimulates secretion from intestinal glands in epithelieal layer
submucosal plexus
muscularis contains what two layers
inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
regulates intestinal motility
myenteric plexus
rhythmic contractions
peristalsis
this provides input from the parasympathetic and influences ENS and local reflexes
vagus nerve
two types of nervous regulation
local, general
enteric nervous system
local nervous
coordinates with CNS
general nervous
input from this inhibits muscle contraction and decreases blood flow to the digestive tract
sympathetic
production of hormones and histamine are released to help ENS
chemical regulation
what are the neurotransmitters within chemical regulation
acetylcholine and serotonin
norepinephrine
this neurotransmitter stimulates digestive tract motility
acetylcholine and serotonin
this neurotransmitter inhibits digestive tract motility
norepinephrine
peritoneum
space between lips/cheeks and teeth
vestibule
lips and cheeks are important to
mastication and speech
this attaches tongue to floor
lingual frenulum
protective acellular non-living outermost layer of crown
enamel
this secures teeth in the alveoli
periodontal ligaments (alveolar bone)
what are the three salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
the small coiled tubular glands on the surface of the tongue
lingual glands
main function of saliva
protection
lubrication
the initial digestion of carbohydrates is due to
salivary amylase
swallowing occurs in
phyrynx
what regulates the movement of materials into and out of the esophagus
gastroesophageal/lower esophageal sphincter
the folds in mucosa and submucosa within the stomach
rugae
this cell protects the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes
mucus cells
HCL is produced by what cells
Parietal cells
maintains the acidic pH (between 1 and 3)
HCL
before food enters the body, this phase is where everything is “stimulated”, the ‘get ready’ phase
cephalic phase (get ready)
parasympathetic action potentials are carried from medulla oblongata to the stomach by what
vagus nerve
the second phase when the food reaches the stomach, the ‘go for it’ phase
gastric phase
what activates the parasympathetic reflex where action potentials are carried back to the medulla oblongata
distension of the stomach
last phase when chyme in duodenum inhibits gastric secretion to start the last ‘slow down phase’
intestinal phase
where does most of the digestion occur
small intestine
list the divisions of the small intestine in order from 1st to last
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
this is the opening to ducts from the liver and pancreas within the duodenum
major and minor duodenal papillae
circular folds that increase surface area
plicae circulares
fingerlike projections on mucosa, containing capillaries and lacteals to increase surface area
villi
these form the brush border to increase surface area
microvilli
what section of the small intestine house the peyer’s patches
jejunum
what is the junction that connects small and large intestine
iloececal junction
the duodenal glands which secrete mucus are stimulated by what
vagus nerve
this prevents chyme from entering cecum and increases digestion and absorption in small intestine
cecal distention which constrics the ileocecal valve
This is where bile is produced
Liver
Sugar is removed from the blood and stored in the liver as ________
Glycogen
List the 6 main functions of the liver
Bile production
Storage
Nutrient interconversion
Detoxification
Phagocytosis
Synthesis of plasma protein
Bile storage in the gallbladder is stimulated by
Vegan stimulation
What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas
Pancreatic islets
What 3 things do the pancreatic islets produce
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
What four things does the large intestine consist of
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Large intestine is responsible for absorption of _____ and ____
Water and salts
Around the colon, the longitudinal muscle that is incomplete is called
Teniae coli
Symport is driven by what
Sodium (Na)
