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Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic Cage: Found superiorly and connects respiratory system to neck region

A

Thoracic Inlet

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2
Q

Structure that connects sternum to ribs

A

Costal Cartilage

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3
Q

Three parts of sternum

A

Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid

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4
Q

Structure at the level T2

A

Jugular/Sternal Notch

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5
Q

Structure at the level T10

A

Xiphoid Process

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6
Q

Thoracic Cage: Found inferiorly and connects respiratory system to abdominal region

A

Thoracic Outlet

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7
Q

Level of Sternal Angle of Louis

A

T4-5

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8
Q

Lateral border of Lungs

A

Intercoastal space and Ribs

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9
Q

“Verterbo-sternal Ribs”

A

Rib 1-7

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10
Q

Floating Ribs

A

Rib 11-12

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11
Q

Level of Manubrium

A

T3-4

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12
Q

“Vertebro-chondral Ribs”

A

Rib 8-10

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13
Q

How do you name the intercoastal space?

A

Basis: superior to the rib prior the ICS

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14
Q

Shape of Thoracic Vertebra

A

Heart

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15
Q

Anterior border of Thorax

A

Costal Cartilage and Sternum

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16
Q

What can you find in a thoracic vertebra that is not in the other vertebra?

A

Costal facets

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17
Q

“True Ribs”

A

Rib 1-7

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18
Q

Posterior border of Thorax

A

Thoracic Vertebra

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19
Q

“False Ribs”

A

Rib 8-10

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20
Q

What composes upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, Mouth, Pharynx and Larynx

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21
Q

Zone of the lungs that is for ventilation

A

Conducting Zone

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22
Q

Zone of the lungs that is for respiration

A

Respiratory Zone

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23
Q

Tracheobronchial tree: Respiratory Zone

A

17-23 generations

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24
Q

What composes conducting zone (6)?

A

Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Terminal Bronchioles

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25
Q

Tracheobronchial tree: Transitional Zone

A

16-17 generations

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26
Q

What composes respiratory zone (4)?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoili

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27
Q

Tracheobronchial tree: Conducting Zone

A

1-16 generations

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28
Q

Tracheobronchial tree: 0

A

Trachea

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29
Q

Structure of the nose that filters the air

A

Epithelial cilia and mucus

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30
Q

Cranial nerve innervates the nose

A

CN I

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31
Q

Structure of the nose that warms and humidify the air

A

Nasal conchae and capillaries

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32
Q

“Voice box”

A

Larynx

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33
Q

“Throat”

A

Pharynx

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34
Q

Division of Pharynx that is posterior to nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx

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35
Q

Level of Larynx

A

C4-6

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36
Q

Division of Pharynx that is posterior to mouth

A

Osopharynx

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37
Q

Who many cartilage larynx has?

A

9

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38
Q

Three unpaired cartilage of larynx

A

Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottis

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39
Q

Division of Pharynx that is posterior to epiglottis

A

Laryngopharynx

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40
Q

Cartilage that encircles larynx

A

Cricoid

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41
Q

Level C4-C5

A

Thyroid

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42
Q

Three paired cartilage of larynx

A

Arytheroid, Cuneiform, Corniculate

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43
Q

Cartilage that protects the vocal cord and is in charge of voice pitch

A

Thyroid

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44
Q

Cartilage that is triangular in shape and its major function is to help tension of the voice

A

Arythenoid`

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45
Q

“Trap door”

A

Epiglottis

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46
Q

Level C6

A

Cricoid`

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47
Q

“Laryngeal prominence”

A

Adam’s Apple

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48
Q

Two cartilage that supports the tension of the voice

A

Cuneiform and Corniculate

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49
Q

What reflex gets activated during accidental dislodge?

A

Cough reflex

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50
Q

Shape of Cuneiform

A

Wedge

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51
Q

The laryngeal cartilage that is landmark for medical emergency

A

Cricoid

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52
Q

Shape of Corniculate

A

Horn

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53
Q

Lining of larynx: (+) non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells

A

Above vocal cord

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54
Q

Movement of cilia in URT

A

Down

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55
Q

Lining of larynx: (+) mucus

A

Below vocal cord

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56
Q

Lining of larynx: (+) moist

A

Above vocal cord

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57
Q

Movement of cilia in LRT

A

Up

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58
Q

Lining of larynx: (+) pseudostratified goblet/columnar/ciliated cells

A

Below vocal cord

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59
Q

Level of trachea

A

C6-T5

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60
Q

“passageway of air”

A

Bronchi

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61
Q

“windpipe”

A

Trachea

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62
Q

Size of Trachea in centimeters

A

12cm x 2.5cm

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63
Q

Orientation of trachea

A

Anterior to esophagus

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64
Q

How many C-shaped rings does Trachea has?

A

16-20

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65
Q

It divides right and left principal bronchi at the level of sternal angle

A

Carina

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66
Q

What level does the trachea ends?

A

T4-5

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67
Q

Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Wider

A

Right

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68
Q

What composes the (L) superior bronchopulmonary bronchi?

A

“ASIA”

Apicopost, Superior Lingula, Inferior Lingula, Anterior

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69
Q

Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Shorter

A

Right

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70
Q

Right or Left Principal Bronchi: 2 branches

A

Left

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71
Q

What composes the (L) inferior bronchopulmonary bronchi?

A

“PALAM”

Posterior, Apical, Lateral, Anteromedial

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72
Q

Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: (+) Oblique fissure

A

Both

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73
Q

Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: (+) Horizontal fissure

A

Right

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74
Q

Bronchopulmonary Bronchi: 8 lobes

A

Left

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75
Q

What composes the (R) superior bronchopulmonary bronchi?

A

“APA”

Apical, Posterior, Anterior

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76
Q

Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: (+) Lingula

A

Left

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77
Q

Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: 2 lobes

A

Left

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78
Q

What composes the (L) middle bronchopulmonary bronchi?

A

NONE

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79
Q

Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Narrower

A

Left

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80
Q

What composes the (R) middle bronchopulmonary bronchi?

A

Lateral, Medial

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81
Q

Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Horizontal

A

Left

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82
Q

Bronchopulmonary Bronchi: 10 lobes

A

Right

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83
Q

What composes the (R) inferior bronchopulmonary bronchi?

A

“PALMS”

Posterior, Anterior, Lateral, Medial, Superior/Apical

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84
Q

Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Vertical

A

Right

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85
Q

Right or Left Principal Bronchi: 3 branches

A

Right

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86
Q

Tracheobronchial tree of bronchi

A

1-3 generations

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87
Q

The cough is effective until what segment of tracheobronchial tree?

A

7th generation

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88
Q

Tracheobronchial tree of bronchioles

A

4-6 generations

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89
Q

What type of alveoli has a surfactant?

A

Type 2

90
Q

What type of alveoli is the main site for gas exchange?

A

Type 2

91
Q

When does the secretory cells produced?

A

32nd to 37th days of gestation

92
Q

What condition of premature babies that is due to (-) surfactant?

A

Infantile Respiratory Distress syndrome

93
Q

What substance decreases surface tension in the alveoli to prevent lung collapse?

A

Surfactant

94
Q

What is the hallmark of Infantile Respiratory Distress syndrome?

A

(+) round glass opacities

95
Q

Outermost covering of the lungs

A

Parietal Pleura

96
Q

Space between two lung pleuras

A

Interpleural Space

97
Q

Innermost covering of the lungs

A

Visceral Pleura

98
Q

What bronchi is prone in aspiration?

A

Right Bronchi

99
Q

Lines the inner lining of the chest wall

A

Parietal Pleura

100
Q

“Gas Exchange”

A

Respiration

101
Q

“Tissue Respiration”

A

Internal Respiration

102
Q

Movement of Air

A

Ventilation

103
Q

The normal atmospheric pressure

A

760 mmHg

104
Q

Law that states that pressure is inversely proportional with volume

A

Boyle’s Law

105
Q

Lining of the lungs that is pain sensitive and involved with pleuritis

A

Parietal Pleura

106
Q

“Pulmonary Respiratory”

A

External Respiration

107
Q

Thoracic Cavity Pressure

A

Slightly negative pressure

108
Q

Increase Volume, Decrease Pressure

A

Inhalation

109
Q

“Breathing”

A

Ventilation

110
Q

Decrease Volume, Increase Pressure

A

Exhalation

111
Q

Primary muscles for inspiration

A

Diaphragm and External Intercoastal

112
Q

Responsible for 25% inspiration in normal quiet breathing

A

External Intercoastal

113
Q

Primary muscles for expiration

A

NONE

114
Q

Muscles that elevates Rib 3-4

A

Pectoralis

115
Q

Primary muscle of inspiration if diaphragm is weak

A

SCM

116
Q

Responsible for 75% inspiration in normal quiet breathing

A

Diaphragm

117
Q

Innervation of diaphragm

A

Phrenic Nerve (C3-5)

118
Q

Muscle used in coughing

A

Abdominals

119
Q

Indirectly elevates the shoulder

A

Trapezius

120
Q

Compresses the chest area

A

Internal Intercoastal

121
Q

Elevates Rib 1-2

A

Scalenes

122
Q

Mechanism of Expiration

A

Elastic recoil of diaphragm

123
Q

Four secondary muscle of inspiration

A

Scalene, SCM, Traps, Pectoralis

124
Q

Two secondary muscle of expiration

A

Abdominals, Internal Intercostals

125
Q

Two movements of thorax that increase the AP diameter

A

Pump Handle and Piston Action

126
Q

Movement of thorax by false ribs

A

Bucket Handle

127
Q

Motion of caliper movement of thorax

A

Open and Close

128
Q

Two movements of thorax that increase the transverse diameter

A

Bucket Handle and Caliper Motion

129
Q

Movement of thorax by diaphragm

A

Piston Action

130
Q

Motion of Pump Handle movement of thorax

A

Up and Forward

131
Q

Motion of Piston Action movement of thorax

A

Up and Down

132
Q

Movement of thorax by sternum and 1st rib

A

Pump Handle

133
Q

Motion of Bucket Handle movement of thorax

A

Elevation and Outward

134
Q

Movement of thorax by floating ribs

A

Bucket Handle

135
Q

Factor affecting the ventilation by its ability to stretch out

A

Lung Compliance

136
Q

Air exchange over period of time

A

Flow Rate

137
Q

Hindrance to the flow rate

A

Airway Resistance

138
Q

Factor affecting the ventilation by its ability to go back to original state after being stretched

A

Elasticity

139
Q

Factor affecting the ventilation: RLD

A

Lung Compliance (Extensibility)

140
Q

Factor affecting the ventilation: Asthma

A

Airway Resisatnce

141
Q

Factor affecting the ventilation: Emphysema

A

Elasticity and Airway Resistance

142
Q

Lung Volume: 1000mL

A

ERV

143
Q

TV + IRV + ERV

A

Vital Capacity

144
Q

Combinations of two or more lung volume

A

Lung Capacity

145
Q

Lung Volume: 3000mL

A

IRV

146
Q

Maximum amount of air exhaled after normal tidal volume

A

ERV

147
Q

Lung Capacity: 3500mL

A

IC

148
Q

Maximum amount of air inhaled after normal tidal volume

A

IRV

149
Q

Lung Volume: 500mL

A

TV

150
Q

TV + IRV

A

IC

151
Q

Amount of air that remains in the lungs after normal exhalation

A

FRC

152
Q

Lung Volume: 1500mL

A

RV

153
Q

Lung Capacity: 4500mL

A

VC

154
Q

Amount of air that remains in the lungs maximal normal exhalation

A

RV

155
Q

Measurement of amount air depending on specific function

A

Lung Volume

156
Q

Lung Capacity: 6000mL

A

TLC

157
Q

Lung Capacity: 2500mL

A

FRC

158
Q

Total amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation

A

VC

159
Q

Maximum amount of air that lungs can accomodate

A

TLC

160
Q

ERV + RV

A

FRC

161
Q

Amount if air that can be inhaled and exhaled in 1 respiratory cycle

A

TV

162
Q

Maximum amount of air inapired after normal exhalation

A

IC

163
Q

RV + VC

A

TLC

164
Q

TLC increase or decrease: (+) RLD

A

Decrease

165
Q

What lung volume increases if there is a emphysema?

A

Residual Volume

166
Q

What are the important function of vital capacity?

A

Assess: can breath deeply, can effectively cough and determines the strength of the muscles for inspiration

167
Q

TLC increase or decrease: (+) OLD

A

Increase

168
Q

What lung volume decrease if there is a weak abdominals?

A

ERV

169
Q

5 factors that affects the oxygen-dissociation curve

A

CO2, Acid, DPG, Exercise, Temp

170
Q

Shift in the curve that has decrease affinity of oxygen

A

Right Shift

171
Q

Right Shift Effect

A

Bohr Effect

172
Q

(+) CO2 Transport

A

Haldane Effect

173
Q

(+) Hgb loading of H+ ions

A

Bohr Effect

174
Q

Shift in the curve that has increase affinity of oxygen

A

Left Shift

175
Q

Left Shift Effect

A

Haldane Effect

176
Q

Effect that is sensitive to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

A

Bohr Effect

177
Q

Effect that is sensitive to oxygen concentration

A

Haldane Effect

178
Q

Ability of arterial blood to carry oxygen

A

Arterial Oxygen

179
Q

Normal partial pressure of oxygen

A

80-100 mmHg

180
Q

Measures how much oxygen is in the blood

A

Oxygen Saturation

181
Q

What PaO2 range indicates a need for supplemental oxygen?

A

<55mmHg

182
Q

It is about the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the blood

A

Partial Pressure of Oxygen

183
Q

Normal Oxygen Saturation

A

95-100%

184
Q

What Oxygen Saturation range indicates a need for supplemental oxygen?

A

<88%

185
Q

Primary respiratory control center

A

Medulla

186
Q

Respiratory center that inhibits the inspiratory ramp

A

Pneumotaxic Center

187
Q

Respiratory center that controls the rate and speed of involuntary respiration

A

Pons

188
Q

Respiratory center that sends signals to the muscle involved in breathing

A

Medulla

189
Q

Respiratory Group that forces expiration

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

190
Q

Respiratory center that produces long and deep inspiration

A

Apneustic Center

191
Q

Respiratory Group that stimulates inspiration

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group

192
Q

Respiratory center that is located in lower pons

A

Apneustic

193
Q

Respiratory center that sends inhibitory signals to apneustic center

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

194
Q

Respiratory center that is located posteriorly to medulla

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group

195
Q

Respiratory center that is anteriorly to medulla

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

196
Q

Respiratory center that increase RR and decreases depth

A

Pneumotaxic Center

197
Q

Respiratory center that affects timing and inspiratory muscles

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group

198
Q

Respiratory center that is located in the upper pons

A

Pneumotaxic Center

199
Q

The protective mechanism to avoid over inflation of the lungs

A

Herring Breuer Refelx

200
Q

Chemoreceptor near the medulla

A

Central

201
Q

Amount of lung volume that activates stretch receptors

A

> 1.5L or 1500mL (3x of TV)

202
Q

Chemoreceptors that is sensitive with PaO2

A

Peripheral

203
Q

What is the stimulus of Central Chemoreceptor?

A

CO2 and Hydrogen Ions

204
Q

What is the location of peripheral chemoreceptor?

A

Near aortic Bodies

205
Q

Normal V/Q ratio

A

0.8

206
Q

Zone of the lungs that has normal V/Q ratio

A

Zone II or Middle

207
Q

“Total dead space”

A

Physiologic Deadspace

208
Q

Zone of the lungs that has Increase V/Q ratio

A

Zone I or Apex

209
Q

A normal dead space composed of conducting zone

A

Anatomic Dead space

210
Q

V/Q mismatch: (+) atelactasis

A

Shunt

211
Q

Zone of the lungs that has decrease V/Q ratio

A

Zone III or Base

212
Q

Zone of the lungs that is gravity independent

A

Zone I or Apex

213
Q

An abnormal dead space composed of respiratory zone with no gas exhange

A

Alveolar Dead Space

214
Q

V/Q mismatch: abnormal Q

A

Dead space

215
Q

V/Q mismatch: (+) increase ratio

A

Dead Space

216
Q

Zone of the lungs that is gravity dependent

A

Zone III or Base

217
Q

V/Q mismatch: (+) decrease ratio

A

Shunt

218
Q

V/Q mismatch: (+) scar or blockage

A

Alveolar Dead Space

219
Q

1/3 of TV

A

150 mL

220
Q

V/Q mismatch: abnormal ventilation

A

Shunt

221
Q

Structure that allows chest wall expansion

A

Costal Cartilages

222
Q

Structure in the Osopharynx that helps with immunity

A

Palatine and Lingual Tonsils

Physiology (9 decks)

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