Respiratory Physiology Flashcards
Thoracic Cage: Found superiorly and connects respiratory system to neck region
Thoracic Inlet
Structure that connects sternum to ribs
Costal Cartilage
Three parts of sternum
Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid
Structure at the level T2
Jugular/Sternal Notch
Structure at the level T10
Xiphoid Process
Thoracic Cage: Found inferiorly and connects respiratory system to abdominal region
Thoracic Outlet
Level of Sternal Angle of Louis
T4-5
Lateral border of Lungs
Intercoastal space and Ribs
“Verterbo-sternal Ribs”
Rib 1-7
Floating Ribs
Rib 11-12
Level of Manubrium
T3-4
“Vertebro-chondral Ribs”
Rib 8-10
How do you name the intercoastal space?
Basis: superior to the rib prior the ICS
Shape of Thoracic Vertebra
Heart
Anterior border of Thorax
Costal Cartilage and Sternum
What can you find in a thoracic vertebra that is not in the other vertebra?
Costal facets
“True Ribs”
Rib 1-7
Posterior border of Thorax
Thoracic Vertebra
“False Ribs”
Rib 8-10
What composes upper respiratory tract?
Nose, Mouth, Pharynx and Larynx
Zone of the lungs that is for ventilation
Conducting Zone
Zone of the lungs that is for respiration
Respiratory Zone
Tracheobronchial tree: Respiratory Zone
17-23 generations
What composes conducting zone (6)?
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Terminal Bronchioles
Tracheobronchial tree: Transitional Zone
16-17 generations
What composes respiratory zone (4)?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoili
Tracheobronchial tree: Conducting Zone
1-16 generations
Tracheobronchial tree: 0
Trachea
Structure of the nose that filters the air
Epithelial cilia and mucus
Cranial nerve innervates the nose
CN I
Structure of the nose that warms and humidify the air
Nasal conchae and capillaries
“Voice box”
Larynx
“Throat”
Pharynx
Division of Pharynx that is posterior to nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Level of Larynx
C4-6
Division of Pharynx that is posterior to mouth
Osopharynx
Who many cartilage larynx has?
9
Three unpaired cartilage of larynx
Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottis
Division of Pharynx that is posterior to epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
Cartilage that encircles larynx
Cricoid
Level C4-C5
Thyroid
Three paired cartilage of larynx
Arytheroid, Cuneiform, Corniculate
Cartilage that protects the vocal cord and is in charge of voice pitch
Thyroid
Cartilage that is triangular in shape and its major function is to help tension of the voice
Arythenoid`
“Trap door”
Epiglottis
Level C6
Cricoid`
“Laryngeal prominence”
Adam’s Apple
Two cartilage that supports the tension of the voice
Cuneiform and Corniculate
What reflex gets activated during accidental dislodge?
Cough reflex
Shape of Cuneiform
Wedge
The laryngeal cartilage that is landmark for medical emergency
Cricoid
Shape of Corniculate
Horn
Lining of larynx: (+) non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
Above vocal cord
Movement of cilia in URT
Down
Lining of larynx: (+) mucus
Below vocal cord
Lining of larynx: (+) moist
Above vocal cord
Movement of cilia in LRT
Up
Lining of larynx: (+) pseudostratified goblet/columnar/ciliated cells
Below vocal cord
Level of trachea
C6-T5
“passageway of air”
Bronchi
“windpipe”
Trachea
Size of Trachea in centimeters
12cm x 2.5cm
Orientation of trachea
Anterior to esophagus
How many C-shaped rings does Trachea has?
16-20
It divides right and left principal bronchi at the level of sternal angle
Carina
What level does the trachea ends?
T4-5
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Wider
Right
What composes the (L) superior bronchopulmonary bronchi?
“ASIA”
Apicopost, Superior Lingula, Inferior Lingula, Anterior
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Shorter
Right
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: 2 branches
Left
What composes the (L) inferior bronchopulmonary bronchi?
“PALAM”
Posterior, Apical, Lateral, Anteromedial
Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: (+) Oblique fissure
Both
Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: (+) Horizontal fissure
Right
Bronchopulmonary Bronchi: 8 lobes
Left
What composes the (R) superior bronchopulmonary bronchi?
“APA”
Apical, Posterior, Anterior
Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: (+) Lingula
Left
Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: 2 lobes
Left
What composes the (L) middle bronchopulmonary bronchi?
NONE
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Narrower
Left
What composes the (R) middle bronchopulmonary bronchi?
Lateral, Medial
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Horizontal
Left
Bronchopulmonary Bronchi: 10 lobes
Right
What composes the (R) inferior bronchopulmonary bronchi?
“PALMS”
Posterior, Anterior, Lateral, Medial, Superior/Apical
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Vertical
Right
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: 3 branches
Right
Tracheobronchial tree of bronchi
1-3 generations
The cough is effective until what segment of tracheobronchial tree?
7th generation
Tracheobronchial tree of bronchioles
4-6 generations
What type of alveoli has a surfactant?
Type 2
What type of alveoli is the main site for gas exchange?
Type 2
When does the secretory cells produced?
32nd to 37th days of gestation
What condition of premature babies that is due to (-) surfactant?
Infantile Respiratory Distress syndrome
What substance decreases surface tension in the alveoli to prevent lung collapse?
Surfactant
What is the hallmark of Infantile Respiratory Distress syndrome?
(+) round glass opacities
Outermost covering of the lungs
Parietal Pleura
Space between two lung pleuras
Interpleural Space
Innermost covering of the lungs
Visceral Pleura
What bronchi is prone in aspiration?
Right Bronchi
Lines the inner lining of the chest wall
Parietal Pleura
“Gas Exchange”
Respiration
“Tissue Respiration”
Internal Respiration
Movement of Air
Ventilation
The normal atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
Law that states that pressure is inversely proportional with volume
Boyle’s Law
Lining of the lungs that is pain sensitive and involved with pleuritis
Parietal Pleura
“Pulmonary Respiratory”
External Respiration
Thoracic Cavity Pressure
Slightly negative pressure
Increase Volume, Decrease Pressure
Inhalation
“Breathing”
Ventilation
Decrease Volume, Increase Pressure
Exhalation
Primary muscles for inspiration
Diaphragm and External Intercoastal
Responsible for 25% inspiration in normal quiet breathing
External Intercoastal
Primary muscles for expiration
NONE
Muscles that elevates Rib 3-4
Pectoralis
Primary muscle of inspiration if diaphragm is weak
SCM
Responsible for 75% inspiration in normal quiet breathing
Diaphragm
Innervation of diaphragm
Phrenic Nerve (C3-5)
Muscle used in coughing
Abdominals
Indirectly elevates the shoulder
Trapezius
Compresses the chest area
Internal Intercoastal
Elevates Rib 1-2
Scalenes
Mechanism of Expiration
Elastic recoil of diaphragm
Four secondary muscle of inspiration
Scalene, SCM, Traps, Pectoralis
Two secondary muscle of expiration
Abdominals, Internal Intercostals
Two movements of thorax that increase the AP diameter
Pump Handle and Piston Action
Movement of thorax by false ribs
Bucket Handle
Motion of caliper movement of thorax
Open and Close
Two movements of thorax that increase the transverse diameter
Bucket Handle and Caliper Motion
Movement of thorax by diaphragm
Piston Action
Motion of Pump Handle movement of thorax
Up and Forward
Motion of Piston Action movement of thorax
Up and Down
Movement of thorax by sternum and 1st rib
Pump Handle
Motion of Bucket Handle movement of thorax
Elevation and Outward
Movement of thorax by floating ribs
Bucket Handle
Factor affecting the ventilation by its ability to stretch out
Lung Compliance
Air exchange over period of time
Flow Rate
Hindrance to the flow rate
Airway Resistance
Factor affecting the ventilation by its ability to go back to original state after being stretched
Elasticity
Factor affecting the ventilation: RLD
Lung Compliance (Extensibility)
Factor affecting the ventilation: Asthma
Airway Resisatnce
Factor affecting the ventilation: Emphysema
Elasticity and Airway Resistance
Lung Volume: 1000mL
ERV
TV + IRV + ERV
Vital Capacity
Combinations of two or more lung volume
Lung Capacity
Lung Volume: 3000mL
IRV
Maximum amount of air exhaled after normal tidal volume
ERV
Lung Capacity: 3500mL
IC
Maximum amount of air inhaled after normal tidal volume
IRV
Lung Volume: 500mL
TV
TV + IRV
IC
Amount of air that remains in the lungs after normal exhalation
FRC
Lung Volume: 1500mL
RV
Lung Capacity: 4500mL
VC
Amount of air that remains in the lungs maximal normal exhalation
RV
Measurement of amount air depending on specific function
Lung Volume
Lung Capacity: 6000mL
TLC
Lung Capacity: 2500mL
FRC
Total amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation
VC
Maximum amount of air that lungs can accomodate
TLC
ERV + RV
FRC
Amount if air that can be inhaled and exhaled in 1 respiratory cycle
TV
Maximum amount of air inapired after normal exhalation
IC
RV + VC
TLC
TLC increase or decrease: (+) RLD
Decrease
What lung volume increases if there is a emphysema?
Residual Volume
What are the important function of vital capacity?
Assess: can breath deeply, can effectively cough and determines the strength of the muscles for inspiration
TLC increase or decrease: (+) OLD
Increase
What lung volume decrease if there is a weak abdominals?
ERV
5 factors that affects the oxygen-dissociation curve
CO2, Acid, DPG, Exercise, Temp
Shift in the curve that has decrease affinity of oxygen
Right Shift
Right Shift Effect
Bohr Effect
(+) CO2 Transport
Haldane Effect
(+) Hgb loading of H+ ions
Bohr Effect
Shift in the curve that has increase affinity of oxygen
Left Shift
Left Shift Effect
Haldane Effect
Effect that is sensitive to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
Bohr Effect
Effect that is sensitive to oxygen concentration
Haldane Effect
Ability of arterial blood to carry oxygen
Arterial Oxygen
Normal partial pressure of oxygen
80-100 mmHg
Measures how much oxygen is in the blood
Oxygen Saturation
What PaO2 range indicates a need for supplemental oxygen?
<55mmHg
It is about the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the blood
Partial Pressure of Oxygen
Normal Oxygen Saturation
95-100%
What Oxygen Saturation range indicates a need for supplemental oxygen?
<88%
Primary respiratory control center
Medulla
Respiratory center that inhibits the inspiratory ramp
Pneumotaxic Center
Respiratory center that controls the rate and speed of involuntary respiration
Pons
Respiratory center that sends signals to the muscle involved in breathing
Medulla
Respiratory Group that forces expiration
Ventral Respiratory Group
Respiratory center that produces long and deep inspiration
Apneustic Center
Respiratory Group that stimulates inspiration
Dorsal Respiratory Group
Respiratory center that is located in lower pons
Apneustic
Respiratory center that sends inhibitory signals to apneustic center
Ventral Respiratory Group
Respiratory center that is located posteriorly to medulla
Dorsal Respiratory Group
Respiratory center that is anteriorly to medulla
Ventral Respiratory Group
Respiratory center that increase RR and decreases depth
Pneumotaxic Center
Respiratory center that affects timing and inspiratory muscles
Dorsal Respiratory Group
Respiratory center that is located in the upper pons
Pneumotaxic Center
The protective mechanism to avoid over inflation of the lungs
Herring Breuer Refelx
Chemoreceptor near the medulla
Central
Amount of lung volume that activates stretch receptors
> 1.5L or 1500mL (3x of TV)
Chemoreceptors that is sensitive with PaO2
Peripheral
What is the stimulus of Central Chemoreceptor?
CO2 and Hydrogen Ions
What is the location of peripheral chemoreceptor?
Near aortic Bodies
Normal V/Q ratio
0.8
Zone of the lungs that has normal V/Q ratio
Zone II or Middle
“Total dead space”
Physiologic Deadspace
Zone of the lungs that has Increase V/Q ratio
Zone I or Apex
A normal dead space composed of conducting zone
Anatomic Dead space
V/Q mismatch: (+) atelactasis
Shunt
Zone of the lungs that has decrease V/Q ratio
Zone III or Base
Zone of the lungs that is gravity independent
Zone I or Apex
An abnormal dead space composed of respiratory zone with no gas exhange
Alveolar Dead Space
V/Q mismatch: abnormal Q
Dead space
V/Q mismatch: (+) increase ratio
Dead Space
Zone of the lungs that is gravity dependent
Zone III or Base
V/Q mismatch: (+) decrease ratio
Shunt
V/Q mismatch: (+) scar or blockage
Alveolar Dead Space
1/3 of TV
150 mL
V/Q mismatch: abnormal ventilation
Shunt
Structure that allows chest wall expansion
Costal Cartilages
Structure in the Osopharynx that helps with immunity
Palatine and Lingual Tonsils
