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Physiology > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The largest artery in the body

A

Aorta

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2
Q

Weight of the heart

A

250 grams to 300 grams

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3
Q

Innervation of the heart

A

Spinal nerves C3-T4

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4
Q

Arch of Aorta branches

A

Brachiocephalic, Left Common Carotid, Left Subclavian

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5
Q

Point of Maximal Pulse

A

Apex

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6
Q

The orientation of the apex of the heart

A

Downward, forward, and to the left

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7
Q

Location of the apex of the heart

A

5th ICS, midclavicular line

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8
Q

Site of Foramen Ovale

A

Fossa Ovalis

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9
Q

Fibrous cords that support the valve cusps

A

Chordae Tendinae

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10
Q

Responsible to give atrium a rough surface

A

Pectinate Muscle

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11
Q

Projecting ridges that give the ventricular wall a spongelike appearance

A

Trabeculae Carnae

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12
Q

The fibrous sac that encloses the heart

A

Pericardium

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13
Q

Lubrication inside the serous pericardial provides the smooth movement of the heart

A

Pericardial Fluid

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14
Q

Inelastic connective tissue that lines the heart to anchor, protect and prevent it from overfilling

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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15
Q

Two layers of Serous Pericardium

A

Parietal and Visceral Layer

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16
Q

Wall of the heart that is responsible for the pumping action of the heart

A

Myocardium

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17
Q

Smooth lining of the chambers that continues as epithelial tissue in the heart valves

A

Endocardium

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18
Q

Another name of Visceral Pericardium

A

Epicardium

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19
Q

Wall of the heart that contains the coronary valve

A

Epicardium

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20
Q

Movement of the blood in the heart

A

From high pressure to low pressure

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21
Q

Vena Cava drains the head, neck, and upper extremity

A

SVC

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22
Q

Vena Cava drains the lower extremity

A

IVC

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23
Q

Largest blood vessel

A

IVC

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24
Q

Four coronary sinuses that drains in the heart

A

Posterior vein, Small cardiac vein, Great cardiac vein, and Middle vein

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25
Q

Fetal Circulation: Communication between the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Ductus Arteriosus

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26
Q

The time when the ductus arteriosus should close

A

2 weeks of life

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27
Q

Two branches of (R) Coronary Artery

A

Posterior Descending and Marginal Artery

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28
Q

Two branches of (L) Coronary Artery

A

Anterior Descending and Circumflex Artery

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29
Q

“Posterior Interventricular Artery”

A

(R) Posterior Descending Artery

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30
Q

“Anterior Interventricular Artery”

A

(L) Anterior Descending Artery

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31
Q

The coronary vein that has a direct connection to the Right Atrium

A

Anterior Vein

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32
Q

The artery that is 75% affected with MI

A

LADCA

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33
Q

The ability of the heart to spontaneously generate its own action potential

A

Automaticity

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34
Q

The pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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35
Q

Thru what structure allows the SA node to directly send an impulse to Left Atrium?

A

Bachmann’s Bundle

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36
Q

Thru what structure allows the SA node to directly send an impulse to the AV node?

A

Internodal pathway

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37
Q

What are the two reasons for the slow conduction of AV node?

A

(+) Lesser gap junctions and Small diameter of fibers

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38
Q

SA node rhythm

A

60-100 bpm

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39
Q

AV node rhythm

A

40-60 bpm

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40
Q

Purkinje Fibers rhythm

A

35 bpm

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41
Q

ECG: “Atrial Depolarization”

A

P wave

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42
Q

ECG: “Ventrical Depolarization”

A

QRS wave

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43
Q

ECG: “Ventrical Repolarization”

A

T wave

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44
Q

The time required for the impulse to travel from the atria to the conduction system

A

PR interval

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45
Q

The normal time of PR interval

A

0.12 - 0.20 ms

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46
Q

The normal time of QT interval

A

0.32 - 0.40 ms

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47
Q

The time before the beginning of ventricular repolarization

A

ST interval

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48
Q

What does ST-elevation mean?

A

Infraction (>2mm)

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49
Q

What does ST-depression mean?

A

Ischemia

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50
Q

How many phases does the Nodal Intrinsic Conduction Pathway have?

A

3

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51
Q

How many phases does the Contractile Intrinsic Conduction Pathway have?

A

5

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52
Q

What are the phases that are absent in the nodal but present in the contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

Phase 1 and 2

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53
Q

The phase of Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represent the upstroke

A

Phase 0

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54
Q

The phase of the Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represent the RMP

A

Phase 4

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55
Q

The phase of the Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represents the repolarization

A

Phase 3

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56
Q

The phase of the Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represents the initial repolarization

A

Phase 1

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57
Q

The phase of the Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represents the plateau

A

Phase 2

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58
Q

What triggers the upstroke in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

Calcium influx

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59
Q

What triggers the upstroke in the contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

Sodium Influx

60
Q

What triggers the initial repolarization in the contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

Sodium Influx and Potassium Efflux

61
Q

Around what time does the L-type calcium channels will be triggered to close?

A

250 ms

62
Q

What is the threshold potential of the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

-40 mv

63
Q

The intracellular cell in the heart that allows the transfer of molecules from one cell to another

A

Gap Junctions

64
Q

The intracellular junctions that adhere two cells to each other

A

Desmosomes

65
Q

The combination of gap junction and desmosomes

A

Intercellular Discs

66
Q

Opening of what channels trigger the upstroke of contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

Voltage-gated sodium channels

67
Q

Opening of what channels trigger the upstroke of nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

L-type calcium channels

68
Q

What type of protein does the calcium bind in the sarcoplasmic reticulum after it is released in the T-Tubules?

A

Calmodulin

69
Q

What type of receptor does the calcium-calmodulin complex bind to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ryanodine Receptors

70
Q

What do you call the release that happened after the CCC induced the release of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Calcium-induced - Calcium-release

71
Q

True or False: Calcium-induced - Calcium-release only happens in the heart?

A

True

72
Q

What triggers the repolarization in the heart muscle?

A

Continuous opening of potassium channels and closure of L-type calcium channels

73
Q

What is the receptor of SNS in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

Beta-1 adrenergic receptor

74
Q

What is the receptor of PSNS in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

Muscarinic-2 receptor

75
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of ATP to Cyclic AMP (CAMP)

A

Adenylate cyclase

76
Q

What is the protein of SNS that gets activated in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

G stimulatory protein

77
Q

What is the protein of PSNS that gets activated in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

G inhibitory protein

78
Q

What is the protein of SNS that gets activated and triggers the opening of L-type calcium channels in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

Protein Kinase A

79
Q

What is protein does the Protein Kinase A (PKA) binds into in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?

A

Phospholamban

80
Q

What types of G inhibitory protein trigger the activation of potassium channels?

A

Beta-1 and Gamma-1

81
Q

What type of G inhibitory protein inhibits adenylate cyclase?

A

Alpha-1

82
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle will you hear the heart sound S1?

A

Isovolumetric Contraction

83
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle will you hear the heart sound S2?

A

Isovolumetric Relaxation

84
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle has a higher ventricular pressure than arterial pressure?

A

Ventricular Ejection

85
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle has a higher atrial pressure than ventricular pressure?

A

Ventricular Filling

86
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle do the AV valves open?

A

Ventricular Filling

87
Q

What phases of the cardiac cycle have both AV valves and SL valve closed?

A

Isovolumetric Contraction and Isovolumetric Relaxation

88
Q

What phase of the cardiac cycle do the SL valves open?

A

Ventricular Ejection

89
Q

The volume of blood present in the ventricles after atrial contraction?

A

End Diastolic Volume

90
Q

The volume of the blood ventricles after ventricular ejection

A

End Systolic Volume

91
Q

What is the normal range of End Diastolic Volume?

A

120 - 140mL (ave: 130mL)

92
Q

What is the normal range of End Systolic Volume?

A

50 - 70mL

93
Q

What closure of the valve creates the heart sound S1?

A

AV valve

94
Q

What closure of the valve creates the heart sound S2?

A

SL valve

95
Q

Heart sound: “Atrial Gallop”

A

S4

96
Q

Heart sound: “Ventricular Gallop”

A

S3

97
Q

Heart sound that is caused by the blood turbulence during ventricular filling

A

S3

98
Q

Heart sound that is caused by the extra work of atria to pump out the blood to the ventricles

A

S4

99
Q

True or False: Ventricular Gallop is normal in adults

A

False (normal in CHILDREN)

100
Q

The amount of blood pumped out per minute

A

Cardiac Output

101
Q

The amount of blood pumped out per beat

A

Stroke Volume

102
Q

The formula of Cardiac Output

A

CO = HR x SV

103
Q

The formula of Stroke Volume

A

SV = EDV - ESV

104
Q

What is the normal range of Cardiac Output?

A

5-6L/min

105
Q

What are the factors that talk about the positive or negative changes in heart rate?

A

Chronotrophy

106
Q

What are the factors that talk about the positive or negative changes in contractility of the heart?

A

Inotrophy

107
Q

The amount of stretch of ventricles

A

Preload

108
Q

Law that states an increase in stretch will cause an increase of contraction

A

Frank-Starling Law

109
Q

Increase of what volume induces an increase in the stretch?

A

EDV

110
Q

What are the factors that increase venous return?

A

(+) vein valves, milking action of the muscle and breathing

111
Q

The amount of resistance the heart must overcome to push blood out the heart?

A

Afterload

112
Q

What is the other name of Afterload?

A

Systemic Vascular Resistance

113
Q

What components of stroke volume have a direct correlation to it?

A

Preload and Contractility

114
Q

What component of stroke volume has an indirect correlation to it?

A

Afterload

115
Q

The formula of blood pressure

A

BP = CO x TPR

116
Q

What structure has the highest CSA with the slowest velocity of blood flow?

A

Capillaries

117
Q

What structure has the smallest CSA with the fastest velocity of blood flow?

A

Aorta

118
Q

The formula of Total Peripheral Resistance flow

A

TPR flow = Change in Pressure / Resistance

119
Q

Formula: R = 8nl / πr4

A

Pouiseuille’s equation

120
Q

The most important factor in the resistance

A

Diameter

121
Q

The area with the least resistance inside the blood vessels

A

Center area

122
Q

The area with the greatest resistance inside the blood vessels

A

Peripheral area

123
Q

The two types of blood vessel flow

A

Laminar and Turbulent

124
Q

The formula of change in pressure or perfusion

A

P = MAP - CVP

125
Q

The normal amount of Central Venous Pressure (CVP)

A

3-8 mmHg

126
Q

The normal amount of SBP

A

120 mmHg

127
Q

The normal amount of DBP

A

80 mmHg

128
Q

The normal amount of MAP

A

93 mmHg

129
Q

The formula of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

MAP = DBP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

130
Q

The formula of Pulse Pressure

A

PP = SBP - DBP

131
Q

Two areas with baroreceptors/chemoreceptors

A

Aortic sinus and Carotid Sinus

132
Q

Which cranial nerve does the aortic sinus send signals to when activated?

A

CN X

133
Q

Which cranial nerve does the carotid sinus send signals to when activated?

A

CN IX

134
Q

Where does the aortic and carotid sinus send signals in the hypothalamus?

A

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

135
Q

What are the two centers that get activated by the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius?

A

Cardiac Accelatory Center and Vasomotor Center

136
Q

What is the stimulus of the chemoreceptor reflex of the cardiac system?

A

Amount of oxygen

137
Q

What reflex acts upon the right atrium distention?

A

Bainbridge reflex

138
Q

RAAS: What hormone does the liver releases when there is a decrease blood pressure?

A

Angiotensinogen

139
Q

RAAS: What enzyme activates the angiotensinogen?

A

Renin

140
Q

RAAS: What organ releases Renin?

A

Kidney

141
Q

RAAS: What enzyme catalyzes Angiotensin I?

A

ACE

142
Q

RAAS: What organ releases ACE?

A

Lungs

143
Q

RAAS: What hormone is a potent vasoconstrictor?

A

Angiotensin II

144
Q

RAAS: What organ does the Angiotensin II activate?

A

Adrenal Gland (zona glomerulosa)

145
Q

RAAS: How does Aldosterone decrease blood pressure?

A

Sodium and Water reabsorption

Physiology (9 decks)

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