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Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Second great controlling center

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

Loops that act to oppose the stimulus

A

Negative Feedback Loop

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3
Q

Influence target cells at another location in the body

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Seven Major Endocrine Glands

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Gonads

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5
Q

Eight other organs that secretes hormone

A

Heart, Pineal gland, Thymus Gland, Kidney, Stomach, Small Intestine, Adipocytes, Placenta

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6
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus release?

A

Eight (8)

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7
Q

Inhibits release of growth hormone

A

Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) or Somatostatin

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8
Q

Stimulates release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH)

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9
Q

Inhibits the release of prolactrin

A

Dopamine or Prolactin inhibiting factor

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10
Q

Stimulates release of growth hormone

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

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11
Q

Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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12
Q

Stimulates release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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13
Q

Hormone for milk ejection and uterine contraction

A

Oxytoxin

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14
Q

The hormone that increases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

A

ADH or Vasopressin

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15
Q

Location of pituitary gland

A

Sella Turcica

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16
Q

Other name of anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

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17
Q

Other name of pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

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18
Q

“Somatrortopic hormone”

A

Growth Hormone

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19
Q

Hormones that promotes mammary gland development

A

Prolactin

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20
Q

Hormones that stimulates melanin production

A

Melanocytes Stimulating Hormone

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21
Q

Hormones that cause growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormones

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22
Q

Other name of posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis

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23
Q

Origin of anterior pituitary gland

A

Pharyngeal epithelium

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24
Q

Hormones that stimulate synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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25
Q

Hormones that stimulate testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; stimulates ovulation, the formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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26
Q

Origin of posterior pituitary gland

A

Neural tissue

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27
Q

Hormones that stimulate protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues

A

Growth Hormone

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28
Q

Hormones that stimulate synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)

A

Adrenocorticotropin Hormone

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29
Q

Two hormones that is stored and released in posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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30
Q

Hormones that promotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration

A

Calcitonin

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31
Q

Hormones increase the rates of chemical reactions in most cells, thus increasing body metabolic rate

A

T3-T4 Hormones

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32
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

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33
Q

Slow onset thyroid hormone

A

T4 (Thyroxine)

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34
Q

Slow onset thyroid hormone

A

T4 (Thyroxine)

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35
Q

Thyroid hormone that acts on peripheral tissue

A

T3 (Triiodothyronine)

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36
Q

What thyroid hormones is 4x more potent

A

T3 (Triiodothyronine)

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37
Q

Fast onset thyroid hormone

A

T3 (Triiodothyronine)

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38
Q

Thyroid gland produced T3 in how many percentage?

A

7%

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39
Q

Thyroid hormone that has longer duration of action

A

T4

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40
Q

Thyroid gland produced T4 in how many percentage?

A

93%

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41
Q

Thyroid hormone that has short duration of action

A

T3

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42
Q

How does T4 functions?

A

It needed to be converted to T3 in peripheral tissue

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43
Q

Hormones that promote and development of the body and SNS

A

T3-4

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44
Q

Four small pieces on the posterior side of thyroid

A

Parathyroid Gland

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45
Q

Hormones that control serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bones

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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46
Q

Excess activity of parathyroid hormone can produce what condition?

A

Hypercalcemia

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47
Q

The visceral organ that has endocrine and exocrine function

A

Pancreas

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48
Q

Hormone formed by alpha cells

A

Glucagon

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49
Q

Hormones that promotes glucose entry in many cells, and in this way controls carbohydrate metabolism

A

Insulin

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50
Q

What cells forms insulin?

A

Beta cells

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51
Q

Hormones that increase the synthesis and release of glucose from the liver into the body fluids

A

Glucagon

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52
Q

What cells forms somatostatin?

A

Delta cells

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53
Q

If there is a decrease in glucose in the gland, what hormones get activated?

A

Glucagon

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54
Q

Hormones that inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin

A

Somatostatin

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55
Q

Two small glands located superior to the kidney

A

Adrenal Gland

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56
Q

Three zones of adrenal cortex

A

Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis

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57
Q

Hormones that have multiple metabolic functions for controlling the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; also has anti-inflammatory effects

A

Cortisol

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58
Q

Hormones that increase renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion

A

Aldosterone

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59
Q

What hormones produced in Zona Reticularis?

A

Androgen

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60
Q

What hormones produced in Zona Fascicularis?

A

Cortisol

61
Q

Adrenocortical hormones that has affect the electrolytes of the extracellular fluids, especially sodium and potassium

A

Minerocorticoids

62
Q

What hormones produced in Zona Glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

63
Q

Adrenocortical hormones that has an effects that increase blood glucose concentration.

A

Glucocorticoids

64
Q

A very potent hormone that accounts for about 90 percent of all mineralocorticoid activity

A

Aldosterone

65
Q

A very potent hormone accounts for about 95 percent of all glucocorticoid activity

A

Cortisol

66
Q

Hormones that affect pubic and axillary growth

A

Androgen

67
Q

“Stress hormone”

A

Cortisol

68
Q

Cortisol shifts glucose to what metabolism?

A

Fat Metabolism

69
Q

Two hormones in adrenal medulla that has same effects as sympathetic stimulation

A

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

70
Q

Hormones that promotes development of male reproductive system and male secondary sexual characteristics

A

Testerone

71
Q

Hormones that stimulate secretion of “uterine milk” by the uterine endometrial glands and promotes the development of secretory apparatus of breasts

A

Progesterone

72
Q

Hormones that promotes growth and development of the female reproductive system, female breasts, and female secondary sexual characteristics

A

Estrogen

73
Q

Hormones that cause cervical dilation

A

Relaxin

74
Q

Hormones released in the heart

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

75
Q

Hormones released in Adipocytes

A

Leptin

76
Q

Where does secretin and cholecystokinin released from?

A

Small Intestine

77
Q

Three hormones released in Kidney

A

Renin, 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, Erythropoietin

78
Q

Hormones that stimulates HCl secretion by parietal cells

A

Gastrin

79
Q

Hormones that stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release

bicarbonate and water

A

Secretin

80
Q

Hormones that increase intestinal absorption of calcium and bone mineralization

A

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

81
Q

Hormones that inhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesis

A

Leptin

82
Q

Hormones that stimulate gallbladder contraction and release of pancreatic enzymes

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

83
Q

Gland that located posterior to sternum between and two lungs

A

Thymus Gland

84
Q

Hormones that induces sleep and decrease fertility

A

Melatonin

85
Q

Hormones that stimulates maturation of T-cells (cell-mediated immunity)

A

Thymosin

86
Q

Hormones that catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to

angiotensin I

A

Renin

87
Q

Where does HCG and Human somatomammotropin produced?

A

Placenta

88
Q

Hormones that promotes the growth of corpus luteum and secretion of
estrogens and progesterone by corpus luteum

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

89
Q

Hormones that increases erythrocyte production

A

Erythropoietin

90
Q

Hormones that probably helps promote development of some

fetal tissues as well as the mother’s breasts

A

Human somatomammotropin

91
Q

Thymus Gland only function only until?

A

Puberty

92
Q

3 causes of hypopituitarism

A

Genetic, Tumor, Infection

93
Q

(+) Small with normal proportion body and intelligence

A

Dwarfism

94
Q

(+) membranous bones thickens and soft tissue grows

A

Acromegaly

95
Q

(+) increase production of ADH

A

SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone)

96
Q

Condition common with patients with hyperthyroidism develop some degree of protrusion of the eyeball

A

Exophthalmos

97
Q

The most common form of hyperthyroidism,
is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) form against the TSH receptor in the thyroid gland.

A

Graves’ Disease

98
Q

Hyperthyroidism occasionally results from a localized adenoma (a tumor) that develops in the thyroid tissue and secretes large quantities of thyroid hormone.

A

Thyroid Adema

99
Q

Cause of panhypopituitarism

A

Congenital or Tumor

100
Q

Hyperpituitarism that happens during childhood

A

Gigantism

101
Q

Hyperpituitarism that happens during adult

A

Acromegaly

102
Q

Condition that is due to non-cancerous tumor that causes excessive prolactin

A

Prolactinoma

103
Q

Condition that has decrease sodium concentration in the blood

A

Hyponatremia

104
Q

Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: Hyponatremia

A

Severe

105
Q

Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: anorexia

A

Mild

106
Q

Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: weight gain

A

Severe

107
Q

Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: confusion, coma, convulsion

A

Severe

108
Q

Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: vomiting

A

Mild

109
Q

Excessive Urination

A

Polyuria

110
Q

Excessive Thirst

A

Polydypsia

111
Q

Hyperthyroidism is initiated by autoimmunity against the thyroid gland, but immunity that destroys the gland rather than stimulates it.

A

Hashimoto’s disease

112
Q

Hyperthyroidism caused by the increased mass of the thyroid due to a lack of iodine

A

Goiter

113
Q

Function of iodine

A

Necessary in the of thyroid hormones

114
Q

Two clinical manifestations of Hyperthyroidism

A

Myxedema and Creitism

115
Q

(+) bagginess under the eyes and swelling of the face.

A

Myxedema

116
Q

Clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism is characterized especially by failure of body growth and by mental retardation

A

Creitism

117
Q

When does creitism occur in an individual?

A

fetal life, infancy, or childhood

118
Q

Condition due to the removal parathyroid glands

A

Hypoparathyroidism

119
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

A

Tetany and Laryngeal Spasm

120
Q

Spasm of these muscles obstructs respiration, which is the usual cause of death in tetany unless appropriate treatment is applied.

A

Laryngeal muscles

121
Q

Condition due to the tumor at parathyroid gland and causes inappropriate, excess PTH secretion.

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

122
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism occurs more frequently in what population?

A

Female (pregnancy and lactation stimulate the parathyroid glands and therefore predispose to the development of such a tumor)

123
Q

The condition that has high levels of PTH occurs as a compensation for hypocalcemia rather than as a primary abnormality of the parathyroid glands.

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

124
Q

Two causes of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Vitamin D deficiency and Chronic Renal Disease

125
Q

Nine symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

MEND SWIFT: Muscle weakness, high excitability, nervousness, diarrhea, increased sweating, weight loss, intolerance to heat, extreme fatigue but cannot sleep and hand tremors

126
Q

Twelve symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A

FISHESSS GDDD: Fatigue, increased body weight, extreme somnolence, husky voice, edematous appearance, sluggishness, slow HR, scaly skin, constipation, decrease CO, decrease BV, decrease hair growth

127
Q

(+) DM due to decrease ADH

A

Diabetes Insipidus

128
Q

(+) DM: insulin-dependent

A

DM 1

129
Q

(+) DM: insulin resistant

A

DM 2

130
Q

The condition that results from an inability of the adrenal cortices to produce sufficient adrenocortical hormones, and this, in turn, is most frequently caused by primary atrophy or injury of the adrenal cortices

A

Addison’s Disease (Hypoadrenalism)

131
Q

S/sm of Addison’s that occurs in sunlight exposure

A

Bronzing of skin

132
Q

Four s/sx due to decrease aldosterone

A

Hyponatremia, mild acidosis, hyperkalemia, fatigue

133
Q

Two s/sx due to decrease cortisol

A

Muscle weakness, fatigue

134
Q

Hypersecretion by the adrenal cortex causes a complex cascade of hormone effects called what?

A

Cushing syndrome

135
Q

(+) Excess ACTH secretion of APG

A

Cushing Disease

136
Q

Six s/sx of Hyperadronalism

A

Buffalo torso, moon face, purple striae, hirsutism, acne, osteoporosis

137
Q

(+) a small tumor of the zona glomerulosa cells occurs and secretes large amounts of aldosterone

A

Conn’s Syndrome (Aldosterinism)

138
Q

Three s/sx of Aldosterinism

A

Hypokalemia, Alkanosis, Muscle Paralysis

139
Q

(+) rapid development of secondary male sexual characteristic

A

Androgenital syndrome

140
Q

(+) decrease estrogen

A

Polysistic ovaries syndrome

141
Q

DM: hereditary

A

DM 1

142
Q

Major important risk of DM

A

Obesity

143
Q

DM: non-insulin dependent

A

DM 2

144
Q

DM: metabolic acidosis

A

DM 1

145
Q

Treatment of DM 2

A

Exercise, Caloric Restriction, Weight Reduction

146
Q

Treatment of DM 1

A

Insulin Pumps

147
Q

Delayed or loss of menstruation

A

Amenorrhea

148
Q

Five s/sx of PCOS

A

Amenorrhea, Acne, Insuline resistant, Obesity, Vaginal Cramps

149
Q

Radiographic diagnostic of PCOS

A

Ultrasound

Physiology (9 decks)

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